Lapis lazuli
Lapis lazuli is a mineral, and a gemstone. It is formed as a metamorphic rock of the limestone type.
| Lapis lazuli | |
|---|---|
 A polished specimen of lapis lazuli. | |
| General | |
| Category | Rock |
| Formula (repeating unit) | mixture of minerals |
| Identification | |
| Color | Blue, mottled with white calcite and brassy pyrite |
| Mohs scale hardness | 5–5.5 |
| Luster | dull |
| Streak | light blue |
| Specific gravity | 2.7–2.9 |
| Refractive index | 1.5 |
| Other characteristics | The variations in composition cause a wide variation in the above values. |
Lapis is famous for its beautiful blue colour: its name means "stone of blue". Lapis Lazuli has been used for many things. Its has been made into beads and used in jewellery since Prehistoric times. It can be carved into statuettes (little sculptures). The major use was as a pigment (colour) in artists' paint. During Medieval and Renaissance times, lapis was ground into powder, and mixed with oil. It was used as the colour for painting the sky, and blue clothes. It can be seen in the fresco paintings of Giotto and the tempera paintings of Fra Angelico.
Sources change
Lapis lazuli is a metamorphic rock made from several minerals, but mainly Lazurite. Lazurite has been mined for over 6,000 years in Iran. It is also mined at Lake Baikal in Siberia; at Mount Vesuvius in Italy; in Burma; Canada; and the United States.[1]
Iran was the source of lapis for the ancient Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations, as well as the Ancient Greeks and Romans. During the height of the Indus Valley civilization about 2000 BC, the Harappan colony now known as Shortugai was established near the lapis mines.[2]
In addition to the Persian deposits, lapis has been extracted for many years in the Andes (near Ovalle, Chile), the Lake Baikal region of Russia; Siberia; Angola; Argentina; Burma; Pakistan; Canada; India; and in the USA in California and Colorado.
Alternatives change
Lapis lazuli is commercially "synthesized" (actually simulated) by a chemical process, using artificial ultramarine and hydrous zinc phosphates.[3] There are also various substitutes for lapis.[4]
References change
- ↑ Eastaugh, Nicholas et al 2004. The pigment compendium : optical microscopy of historical pigments. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0750645539 p. 219
- ↑ Bowersox, Gary W. & Chamberlin, Bonita E. 199. Tucson, AZ: Geoscience Press.
- ↑ Read, Peter 2005. Gemmology, Elsevier, p. 185. ISBN 0-7506-6449-5
- ↑ Lapis lazuli Archived 2019-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, Gemstone Buzz.
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., Wiley, ISBN 0-471-80580-7
Other websites change
- Mindat with location data
- Mineral galleries Archived 2008-12-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Webmineral data
-
-
This statuette carved in Lapis lazuli was possibly made in India. -
