Wikipedia

Postpartum depression

endogenous depression that involves intense, sustained and sometimes disabling depression experienced by women after giving birth. The comprehensive term "Perinatal depression" refers to both postpartum depression and antenatal depression.

Postpartum depression (PPD), also called postnatal depression, is a type of mood disorder that happens after childbirth, which can affect both sexes.

Symptoms may include extreme sadness, low energy, anxiety, crying episodes, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns.[1] PPD can also negatively affect the newborn child.[2][3]

While the exact cause of PPD is unknown, the cause is believed to be a combination of physical, emotional, genetic, and social factors.[4] These may include factors such as hormonal changes and sleep problems.[5] Risk factors include bipolar disorder, a family history of depression, psychological stress, problems during childbirth, lack of support, or a drug use disorder.[1]

Diagnosis is based on a person's symptoms.[3] While most women experience a short time of worry or unhappiness after delivery, postpartum depression should be seen when symptoms are severe and last over two weeks.[1]

Among those at risk, giving psychosocial support could prevent PPD.[6] This may include community support such as food, household chores, mother care, and friendship.[7] Treatment for PPD may include counseling or medications.[3] Types of counseling have been found to be useful in treating PPD.[3]

Postpartum depression affects roughly 8.9-10.1% of women in high income countries and 17.8-19.7% of women in low and middle income countries.[8] Postpartum depression commonly affects mothers who have had experienced stillbirth, live in urban areas, and are single mothers.[9] This mood disorder is seen to affect 1% to 26% of new fathers.[10]

Postpartum psychosis is a more severe form of postpartum mood disorder and happens in about 1 to 2 per 1,000 women following childbirth.[11] Postpartum psychosis is one of the leading causes of murder of children less than one year of age. It happens in about 8 per 100,000 births in the United States.[12]

References change

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Postpartum Depression Facts". NIMH. Archived from the original on 21 June 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  2. ↑ Grace SL, Evindar A, Stewart DE (November 2003). "The effect of postpartum depression on child cognitive development and behavior: a review and critical analysis of the literature". Archives of Women's Mental Health. 6 (4): 263–74. doi:10.1007/s00737-003-0024-6. PMID 14628179. S2CID 20966469.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Pearlstein T, Howard M, Salisbury A, Zlotnick C (April 2009). "Postpartum depression". American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 200 (4): 357–64. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2008.11.033. PMC 3918890. PMID 19318144.
  4. ↑ Stewart DE, Vigod SN (January 2019). "Postpartum Depression: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Emerging Therapeutics". Annual Review of Medicine. 70 (1): 183–196. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106. PMID 30691372. S2CID 59341428.
  5. ↑ Soares CN, Zitek B (July 2008). "Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: a continuum of vulnerability?". Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. 33 (4): 331–43. PMC 2440795. PMID 18592034.
  6. ↑ "Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes". Agency for Health Care Research and Quality. Archived from the original on 2013-11-11.
  7. ↑ Dennis CL, Fung K, Grigoriadis S, Robinson GE, Romans S, Ross L (July 2007). "Traditional postpartum practices and rituals: a qualitative systematic review". Women's Health. 3 (4): 487–502. doi:10.2217/17455057.3.4.487. PMID 19804024.
  8. ↑ Woody, C. A.; Ferrari, A. J.; Siskind, D. J.; Whiteford, H. A.; Harris, M. G. (2017-09-01). "A systematic review and meta-regression of the prevalence and incidence of perinatal depression". Journal of Affective Disorders. 219: 86–92. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.05.003. ISSN 0165-0327. PMID 28531848.
  9. ↑ Mughal, Saba; Azhar, Yusra; Siddiqui, Waquar (2023), "Postpartum Depression", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30085612, retrieved 2023-09-18
  10. ↑ Paulson JF (2010). "Focusing on depression in expectant and new fathers: prenatal and postpartum depression not limited to mothers". Psychiatric Times. 27 (2). Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
  11. ↑ Seyfried LS, Marcus SM (August 2003). "Postpartum mood disorders". International Review of Psychiatry. 15 (3): 231–42. doi:10.1080/09540260305196. PMID 15276962.
  12. ↑ Spinelli MG (September 2004). "Maternal infanticide associated with mental illness: prevention and the promise of saved lives". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 161 (9): 1548–57. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.9.1548. PMID 15337641. S2CID 35255623.
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