Talk:Turkic languages
 | This article contains a translation of Turkic languages from en.wikipedia. |
Native speakers by country change
The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[1] [2]
Endangered Turkic languages change
An endangered language, or moribund language, is a language that is at risk of falling out of use as its speakers die out or shift to speaking another language. Language loss occurs when the language has no more native speakers and becomes a dead language.
25 endangered Turkic languages exist in the world. The number of speakers are derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded:[3] [4]
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers | Main Country |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bashkir language | Vulnerable | 1,500,000 |  Russia
|
| 2 | Chuvash language | Vulnerable | 1,200,000 | Russia
|
| 3 | Khorasani Turkic language | Vulnerable | 1,000,000 |  Iran
|
| 4 | Crimean Tatar language | Severely endangered | 600,000 |  Ukraine
|
| 5 | Kumyk language | Vulnerable | 450,000 | Russia
|
| 6 | Yakut language | Vulnerable | 400,000 | Russia
|
| 7 | Karachay-Balkar language | Vulnerable | 400,000 | Russia
|
| 8 | Tuvan language | Vulnerable | 300,000 | Russia
|
| 9 | Urum language | Definitely endangered | 200,000 | Ukraine
|
| 10 | Gagauz language | Critically endangered | 150,000 |  Moldova
|
| 11 | Siberian Tatar language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 | Russia
|
| 12 | Nogai language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 | Russia
|
| 13 | Salar language | Vulnerable | 70,000 |  China
|
| 14 | Altai language | Severely endangered | 60,000 | Russia
|
| 15 | Khakas language | Definitely endangered | 50,000 | Russia
|
| 16 | Khalaj language | Vulnerable | 20,000 | Iran
|
| 17 | Äynu language | Critically endangered | 6,000 | China
|
| 18 | Western Yugur language | Severely endangered | 5,000 | China
|
| 19 | Shor language | Severely endangered | 3,000 | Russia
|
| 20 | Dolgan language | Definitely endangered | 1,000 | Russia
|
| 21 | Krymchak language | Critically endangered | 200 |  Israel
|
| 22 | Tofa language | Critically endangered | 100 | Russia
|
| 23 | Karaim language | Critically endangered | 100 | Ukraine
|
| 24 | Ili Turki language | Severely endangered | 100 | China
|
| 25 | Chulym language | Critically endangered | 50 | Russia
|
Russia change
14 endangered Turkic languages exist in Russia:[5] [6]
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Bashkir language | Vulnerable | 1,500,000 |
| 2 | Chuvash language | Vulnerable | 1,200,000 |
| 3 | Crimean Tatar language | Severely endangered | 600,000 |
| 4 | Kumyk language | Vulnerable | 450,000 |
| 5 | Yakut language | Vulnerable | 400,000 |
| 6 | Karachay-Balkar language | Vulnerable | 400,000 |
| 7 | Tuvan language | Vulnerable | 300,000 |
| 8 | Siberian Tatar language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 |
| 9 | Nogai language | Definitely endangered | 100,000 |
| 10 | Altai language | Severely endangered | 60,000 |
| 11 | Khakas language | Definitely endangered | 50,000 |
| 12 | Shor language | Severely endangered | 3,000 |
| 13 | Dolgan language | Definitely endangered | 1,000 |
| 14 | Tofa language | Critically endangered | 100 |
| 15 | Chulym language | Critically endangered | 50 |
| 16 | Karaim language | Critically endangered | 100 |
- The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
Ukraine change
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Urum language | Definitely endangered | 200,000 |
- The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
China change
In Qinghai (Amdo), the Salar language has a heavy Chinese and Tibetan influence.[7] Although of Turkic origin, major linguistic structures have been absorbed from Chinese. Around 20% of the vocabulary is of Chinese origin, and 10% is also of Tibetan origin. Yet the official Communist Chinese government policy deliberately covers up these influences in academic and linguistics studies, trying to emphasize the Turkic element and completely ignoring the Chinese in the Salar language.[8] The Salar language has taken loans and influence from neighboring varieties of Chinese.[9] It is neighboring variants of Chinese which have loaned words to the Salar language.[9] In Qinghai, many Salar men speak both the Qinghai dialect of Chinese and Salar. Rural Salars can speak Salar fluently while urban Salars often assimilate into the Chinese speaking Hui population.[10]
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Salar language | Vulnerable | 70,000 |
| 2 | Äynu language | Critically endangered | 6,000 |
| 3 | Western Yugur language | Severely endangered | 5,000 |
| 4 | Ili Turki language | Severely endangered | 100 |
- The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
Iran change
Khorasani Turkic, is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken in northern North Khorasan Province and Razavi Khorasan Province in Iran. Nearly all Khorasani Turkic speakers are also bilingual in Persian.[11] [12]
The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and Persian, and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is spurious.[13] Although it contains lot of arhaic Old Turkic elements, it became widely Persianized.[14][15]
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Khorasani Turkic language | Vulnerable | 1,000,000 |
| 2 | Khalaj language | Vulnerable | 20,000 |
- The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
Moldova change
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Gagauz language | Critically endangered | 150,000 |
- The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
Israel change
| Number | Name | Status | Speakers |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Krymchak language | Critically endangered | 200 |
- The number of speakers derived from statistics or estimates (2019) and were rounded.
Afghanistan change
Many Turkic languages have gone extinct in Afghanistan. [16]
Iraq change
In 1980, Saddam Hussein's government adopted a policy of assimilation of its minorities. Due to government relocation programs, thousands of Iraqi Turkmen were relocated from their traditional homelands in northern Iraq and replaced by Arabs, in an effort to Arabize the region.[17] Furthermore, Iraqi Turkmen villages and towns were destroyed to make way for Arab migrants, who were promised free land and financial incentives. For example, the Ba'th regime recognised that the city of Kirkuk was historically an Iraqi Arab city and remained firmly in its cultural orientation.[18] Thus, the first wave of Arabization saw Arab families move from the centre and south of Iraq into Kirkuk to work in the expanding oil industry. Although the Iraqi Turkmen were not actively forced out, new Arab quarters were established in the city and the overall demographic balance of the city changed as the Arab migrations continued.[18]
Several presidential decrees and directives from state security and intelligence organizations indicate that the Iraqi Turkmen were a particular focus of attention during the assimilation process during the Ba'th regime. For example, the Iraqi Military Intelligence issued directive 1559 on 6 May 1980 ordering the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen officials from Kirkuk, issuing the following instructions: "identify the places where Turkmen officials are working in governmental offices [in order] to deport them to other governorates in order to disperse them and prevent them from concentrating in this governorate [Kirkuk]".[19] In addition, on 30 October 1981, the Revolution's Command Council issued decree 1391, which authorized the deportation of Iraqi Turkmen from Kiruk with paragraph 13 noting that "this directive is specially aimed at Turkmen and Kurdish officials and workers who are living in Kirkuk".[19]
As primary victims of these Arabization policies, the Iraqi Turkmen suffered from land expropriation and job discrimination, and therefore would register themselves as "Arabs" in order to avoid discrimination.[20] Thus, ethnic cleansing was an element of the Ba'thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of the Iraqi Turkmen in northern Iraq's Kirkuk.[21] Those Iraqi Turkmen who remained in cities such as Kirkuk were subject to continued assimilation policies;[21] school names, neighbourhoods, villages, streets, markets and even mosques with names of Turkic origin were changed to names that emanated from the Ba'th Party or from Arab heroes.[21] Moreover, many Iraqi Turkmen villages and neighbourhoods in Kirkuk were simply demolished, particularly in the 1990s.[21]
Extinct Turkic languages change
| Number | Name | Time of Extinct |
|---|---|---|
| - | Proto Turkic | Reconstructed language |
| 1 | Old Turkic | 8th century |
| 2 | Old Anatolian Turkish | 15th century |
| 3 | Pecheneg | 12th century |
| 4 | Orkhon Turkic | 13th century |
| 5 | Khazar | 13th century |
| 6 | Old Uyghur | 14th century |
| 7 | Khorezmian | 14th century |
| 8 | Bulgar | 14th century |
| 9 | Middle Turkic | 15th century |
| 10 | Kipchak | 17th century |
| 11 | Cuman | 1770 |
| 12 | Old Tatar | 19th century |
| 13 | Fergana Kipchak | 1920s |
| 14 | Chagatai | 1921 |
| 15 | Ottoman Turkish | 1928 |
| 16 | Fuyu Girgis | 20th century |
| 17 | Dukhan | 21st century |
Famous Turkic Dialects change
- ↑ https://www.ethnologue.com/
- ↑ https://glottolog.org/
- ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
- ↑ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
- ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
- ↑ "Atlas of languages in danger | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization".
- ↑ Johanson, Lars; Utas, Bo, eds. (2000). Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages. Vol. Volume 24 of Empirical approaches to language typology. Walter de Gruyter. p. 58. ISBN 978-3110161588. ISSN 0933-761X. Retrieved 24 April 2014.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ↑ William Safran (1998). William Safran (ed.). Nationalism and ethnoregional identities in China. Vol. Volume 1 of Cass series—nationalism and ethnicity (illustrated ed.). Psychology Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7146-4921-4. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
{{cite book}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Raymond Hickey (2010). Raymond Hickey (ed.). The Handbook of Language Contact (illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 664. ISBN 978-1-4051-7580-7. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ↑ Dwyer (2007:90)
- ↑ "Khorasani Turkish". Ethnologue.
- ↑ "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger".
- ↑ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ [2]
- ↑ "زبانهای بومی افغانستان در 'معرض خطر' اند".
- ↑ Jenkins 2008, 15.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 64.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 65.
- ↑ International Crisis Group 2006, 5.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 Anderson & Stansfield 2009, 66.