Wikipedia

Trichomoniasis

gagoparasitic protozoa infectious disease that is caused by the parasites Trichomonas vaginalis or Trichomonas tenax

Trichomoniasis (often called trich) is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis, which is a protozoa made of just one cell.[1] Trichomoniasis can affect both men and women. It is usually an infection of the urinary system and genitals.

Cause change

The Trichomonas vaginalis parasite can only live in the human genital tract. Trichomoniasis is only spread through sex, or if two people's genitals touch.[2]

Signs and symptoms change

Most people with trichomoniasis do not have any symptoms.[3]

When people do have symptoms, they usually start about 5 to 28 days after the person got infected. Symptoms may include:[4]

Complications change

Complications are serious problems that can happen because a person has a disease. These problems do not happen to everyone with trichomoniasis. They are the most serious problems that trichomoniasis can cause. Some of the most dangerous problems that can happen to a person with trichomoniasis include:

  • People with trichomoniasis are more likely to get (or spread) HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.[5][6]
  • If a woman is pregnant, trichomoniasis can cause her to have a premature infant, or an infant that weighs less than normal.[5]
  • Trichomoniasis may work together with human papillomavirus (HPV) to cause cervical cancer, although this has not been proven.[7]
  • In men, trichomoniasis can cause inflammation (swelling) of the urethra and the prostate. In the prostate, trichomoniasis may create chronic (long-term) inflammation that may eventually cause prostate cancer.[8][9]

Treatment change

Treatment for trichomoniasis is usually metronidazole (Flagyl), which kills protozoa like Trichomonas vaginalis.[10] However, this medication has to be used carefully with woman who are in the early stages of pregnancy.[11] Anyone the infected person has had sex with should also get treatment, even if they have no symptoms.[12]

About 95% to 97% of people with trichomoniasis are cured after one dose of metronidazole.[13][14]

Without treatment, trichomoniasis can stay in a woman's body for months to years. In many (but not all) men, it seems to go away on its own.[5]

Prevention change

Trichomoniasis can be prevented by having safe sex (for example, by using condoms).[15]

The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that women who are having vaginal discharge should get tested for trichomoniasis.[13]

How common is trichomoniasis? change

Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world that is not caused by a virus. Every year, about 248 million more people get trichomoniasis.[16][17] It is more common in women than men.[18]

It is also the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In the U.S., about 3.7 million people have trichomoniasis, and about 1.1 million more people get infected every year.[19][20] Recent research has said that 3% of the U.S. population (3 in every 100 people) have trichomoniasis.[21][22] In people who are at higher risk of getting trichomoniasis, like people with HIV and people in prison, between 7.5% to 32% are infected.[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]

Related pages change

References change

  1. ↑ Midlej V., Benchimol M. (2010). "Trichomonas vaginalis kills and eats- evidence for phagocytic activity as a cytopathic effect". Parasitology. 137 (1): 65–76. doi:10.1017/S0031182009991041. PMID 19723359. S2CID 33988014.
  2. ↑ "Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet". Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2011.
  3. ↑ "STD Facts - Trichomoniasis". cdc.gov. 2 December 2021. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 26 October 2017.
  4. ↑ Trichomoniasis symptoms Archived 2013-02-19 at the Wayback Machine. cdc.gov
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Secor W, Meites E, Starr M, Workowski K (2014). "Neglected parasitic infections in the United States: trichomoniasis". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 90 (5): 800–804. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.13-0723. PMC 4015567. PMID 24808247.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Kissinger P and Adamski A (2013). "Trichomoniasis and HIV interactions: a review". Nih.gov. 89 (6): 426–433. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-051005. PMC 3748151. PMID 23605851.
  7. ↑ Donders GG; et al. (2013). "Association of Trichomonas vaginalis and cytological abnormalities of the cervix in low risk women". Nih.gov. 8 (12): e86266. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0086266. PMC 3875579. PMID 24386492.
  8. ↑ Caini, Saverio; Gandini, Sara; Dudas, Maria; Bremer, Viviane; Severi, Ettore; Gherasim, Alin (2014). "Sexually transmitted infections and prostate cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Cancer Epidemiology. 38 (4): 329–338. doi:10.1016/j.canep.2014.06.002. ISSN 1877-7821. PMID 24986642.
  9. ↑ Stark, Jennifer R.; Judson, Gregory; Alderete, John F.; Mundodi, Vasanthakrishna; Kucknoor, Ashwini S.; Giovannucci, Edward L.; Platz, Elizabeth A.; Sutcliffe, Siobhan; et al. (2009). "Prospective Study of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Prostate Cancer Incidence and Mortality: Physicians' Health Study". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 101 (20): 1406–11. doi:10.1093/jnci/djp306. PMC 2765259. PMID 19741211.
  10. ↑ Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Treatment for trichomoniasis Archived 2008-04-01 at the Wayback Machine, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  11. ↑ Cudmore SL, Delgaty KL, Hayward-McClelland SF, Petrin DP, Garber GE (October 2004). "Treatment of infections caused by metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (4): 783–93, table of contents. doi:10.1128/CMR.17.4.783-793.2004. PMC 523556. PMID 15489348.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
  12. ↑ Rob, Lukáš; Martan, Alois; Citterbart, Karel (2008). Gynekologie (in Czech) (2nd ed.). Prague: Galen. p. 136. ISBN 978-80-7262-501-7.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Workowski KA, Berman S. "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010" MMWR Recomm Rep 2010;59(RR-12):1–110.
  14. ↑ Niccolai LM, Kopicko JJ, Kassie A, Petros H, Clark RA, Kissinger P (2000). "Incidence and predictors of reinfection with Trichomonas vaginalis in HIV-infected women". Sex Transm Dis. 27 (5): 284–288. doi:10.1097/00007435-200005000-00009. PMID 10821602. S2CID 37556873.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Vaginitis/Trichomoniasis :Reduce your risk Archived 2008-03-16 at the Wayback Machine, American Social Health Association. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  16. ↑ World Health Organization. Prevalence and Incidence of Selected Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, syphilis and Trichomonas vaginalis: Methods and Results Used by WHO to Generate 2005 Estimates. 2011. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2011/9789241502450_eng.pdf Archived 2013-06-13 at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ↑ World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research. Global incidence and prevalence of selected curable sexually transmitted infections – 2008. Geneva, Switzerland; 2008.
  18. ↑ Vos, T (Dec 15, 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
  19. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, and TB. Division of STD Prevention. Trichomoniasis - CDC Fact Sheet. 2012.
  20. ↑ Satterwhite CL, Torrone E, Meites E; et al. (2013). "Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008". Sex Transm Dis. 40 (3): 187–93. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e318286bb53. PMID 23403598. S2CID 25094427.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ↑ Ginocchio C, Chapin K (2012). "Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis and coinfection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States as determined by the Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis nucleic acid amplification assay". J Clin Microbiol. 50 (8): 2601–2608. doi:10.1128/JCM.00748-12. PMC 3421522. PMID 22622447.
  22. ↑ Sutton M, Sternberg M, Koumans EH, Mcquillan G, Berman S (2007). "The Prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection among Reproductive-Age Women in the United". Clin Infect Dis. 45 (10): 1319–1626. doi:10.1086/522532. PMID 17968828. S2CID 23192591.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ↑ Rogers SM, Turner CF, Hobbs M; et al. (2014). "Epidemiology of undiagnosed trichomoniasis in a probability sample of urban young adults". PLOS ONE. 9 (3): e90548. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090548. PMC 3953116. PMID 24626058.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ Javanbakht M, Stirland A, Stahlman S; et al. (2013). "Prevalence and Factors Associated With Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Among High-Risk Women in Los Angeles". Sex Transm Dis. 40 (10): 804–807. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000026. PMC 4188531. PMID 24275733.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ Helms DJ, Mosure DJ, Metcalf C; et al. (2008). "Risk factors for prevalent and incident Trichomonas vaginalis among women attending three sexually transmitted disease clinics". Sex Transm Dis. 35 (5): 484–8. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181644b9c. PMID 18360314. S2CID 31156646.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ↑ Swartzendruber A, Sales JM, Brown JL, Diclemente RJ, Rose ES (2014). "Correlates of incident Trichomonas vaginalis infections among African American female adolescents". Sex Transm Dis. 41 (4): 240–5. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0000000000000094. PMC 4313569. PMID 24622635.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  27. ↑ Muzny C, Rivers C, Austin EL, Schwebke JR (2013). "Trichomonas vaginalis infection among women receiving gynaecological care at an Alabama HIV Clinic". Sex Transm Infect. 89 (6): 514–8. doi:10.1136/sextrans-2012-050889. PMID 23449600. S2CID 29645466.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ↑ Munson E, Kramme T, Napierala M, Munson KL, Miller C, Hryciuk JE (2012). "Female epidemiology of transcription-mediated amplification-based Trichomonas vaginalis detection in a metropolitan setting with a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infection". J Clin Microbiol. 50 (12): 3927–31. doi:10.1128/JCM.02078-12. PMC 3503002. PMID 23015673.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ↑ Freeman AH, Katz KA, Pandori MW, et al. Prevalence and correlates of Trichomonas vaginalis among incarcerated persons assessed using a highly sensitive molecular assay. Sex Transm Dis. 2010;37(3):165–168. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e3181bcd3fc
  30. ↑ Nijhawan AE, DeLong AK, Celentano DD; et al. (2011). "The Association Between Trichomonas Infection and Incarceration in HIV-Seropositive and At-Risk HIV-Seronegative Women". Sex Transm Dis. 38 (12): 1094–1100. doi:10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31822ea147. PMC 3767476. PMID 22082718.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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