User:اربابی دوم/Sandbox
| Mohammad Shah Qajar | |
|---|---|
| Shahanshah[1] Khaqan son of Khaqan [2] | |
 Mohammad Shah in 1838 | |
| Shah of Iran | |
| Reign | 23 October 1834 – 5 September 1848 |
| Coronation | 14 January 1835 |
| Predecessor | Fath-Ali Shah Qajar |
| Successor | Naser al-Din Shah |
| Born | 5 January 1808 Tabriz, Qajar Iran |
| Died | 5 September 1848 (aged 40) Tehran, Qajar Iran |
| Burial | |
| Wives | Seven, among them, Malek Jahan Khanom |
| Issue Detail | See Below |
| Dynasty | Qajar |
| Father | Abbas Mirza |
| Mother | Glin Khanum |
| Religion | Shia Islam |
| Tughra |  |
Mohammad Shah (Persian: محمد شاه; born Mohammad Mirza; 5 January 1808 – 5 September 1848) , was the third Qajar shah of Iran from 1834 to 1848. He got the throne from his grandfather, Fath-Ali Shah. From a young age, Mohammad Mirza learned from Haji Mirza Aqasi in Tabriz, a local teacher. This influenced him to become a Sufi-king later in life.
After his father Abbas Mirza died in 1833, Mohammad became the crown prince of Iran. He was in charge of Azarbaijan. When Fath-Ali Shah passed away in 1838, some of his sons claimed the throne. With help from English and Russian forces, Mohammad Shah stopped the rebellious princes.
He dismissed and executed his smart premier, Abol-Qasem Qa'em-Maqam, and put his favorite, Haji Mirza Aqasi, as the grand vizier. Mohammad Shah wanted to bring the city of Herat back under Iranian control. In 1837, he tried but failed to capture Herat. The British government warned of invasion, so he had to leave. When he returned to Iran, he stopped a revolt in Isfahan led by Mohammad Bagher Shafti.
Through British-Russian help, he made a treaty with the Ottoman Empire. Because of British pressure, Mohammad reluctantly stopped the slave trade through the Persian Gulf but still allowed it in the country. He didn't persecute the Bábism faith despite Shiite clerics' decree. France-Iran relations improved during his rule.
Mohammad Shah had health issues like gout, which affected his reign. In his last years, his health worsened, and he died on September 4, 1848, at 40. He was buried in Fatima Masumeh Shrine in Qom. His son, Naser al-Din Shah, succeeded him.
As a ruler, Mohammad Shah wasn't praised. He was seen as a figurehead king for Aqasi, whom he depended on a lot. Mohammad followed Sufism and supported Sufis instead of Shiite clerics. The ulama challenged his authority. He expanded the Qajar bureaucracy, making it corrupt. He was the last Qajar king in a foreign war and the last to use the title Ghazi.[3]
Background change
The Russian Empire attacked the Caucasus in 1795 while Agha Mohammad Khan, the founder of the Qajar dynasty, was regaining control in the eastern parts of Iran. Agha Mohammad had to move his army to the Caucasus without securing his rule in the east, including in Herat.[4] The Russian army retreated before reaching the Caucasus,[5] and Agha Mohammad was killed in 1797 in Shusha.[6] Though his rule didn't extend to the far east of Greater Khorasan, Ahmad Shah Durrani recognized him as the Shahanshah and pledged allegiance in a public speech.[7] Agha Mohammad Khan was succeeded by his nephew, Fath-Ali Shah (also known as Baba Khan). During Fath-Ali Shah's reign, tensions between Iran and Russia led to two full-scale wars, resulting in Iran's defeat and significant territorial losses according to the Gulistan and Turkmenchay treaties. This weakened Iran's global standing, portraying it as a vulnerable state with unstable borders,[8] and diminished Iranian pride.[9]
In Europe, the British Empire gained control over India and saw Iran as a crucial barrier to prevent Russian access to the region.[10] Simultaneously, the Russian Empire aimed to expand its control over Iranian territory to reach the open waters in southern Iran.[11] Thus, during Fath-Ali Shah's rule, the Iranian political scene became a competition between the Russian and British governments for concessions and political influence.[12]
Between the two wars with Russia, a conflict erupted between Iran and the Ottoman Empire in 1821. It ended with Iran's military victory and the First Treaty of Erzurum in 1823. However, the treaty didn't resolve key issues, including unclear borders, disputes over the treatment of Iranian pilgrims by the Ottomans,[13] citizenship of border tribes, and trade rivalry between Khorramshahr and Basra.[14]
Fath-Ali Shah tried to portray himself as a devout king to Shiite clerics [15] and declared his monarchy a substitute for the ulama.[16] During his reign, Isfahan regained its status as the religious capital of Iran, and Shiite clerics were given the freedom to persecute religious minorities, especially Sufis. Fath-Ali Shah actively persecuted Sufi leaders, even ordering the suppression of leaders in Tabriz.[17]
References change
- ↑ Mojtahed-Zadeh 2006, p. 171.
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/182432238
- ↑ Mohammad Shah Qajar from birth to kingship. In Persian,https://tarikhema.org/contemporary/iran-after-islam/qajarian/68502/%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%87-%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d8%b2-%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%84%d8%af-%d8%aa%d8%a7-%d9%be%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b4%d8%a7%d9%87%db%8c/
- ↑ Hambly, Gavin R.G (1991a). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–144. ISBN 9780521200950.
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/476162124
- ↑ https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aga-mohammad-khan
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/182432238
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/1088388587
- ↑ Hambly, Gavin R.G (1991a). "Agha Muhammad Khan and the establishment of the Qajar dynasty". The Cambridge History of Iran, Vol. 7: From Nadir Shah to the Islamic Republic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–144. ISBN 9780521200950.
- ↑ https://iranicaonline.org/articles/great-britain-iii
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/731552150
- ↑ https://iranicaonline.org/articles/anglo-russian-convention-of-1907-an-agreement-relating-to-persia-afghanistan-and-tibet
- ↑ https://www.jstor.org/stable/4283057
- ↑ Mohammad Shah Qajar og Erzurum-traktaten II,https://ensani.ir/fa/article/11415/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/1154985558
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/945483452
- ↑ https://search.worldcat.org/title/945483452
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اربابی دوم/Sandbox Born: 5 January 1808 Died: 5 September 1848
| ||
| Iranian royalty | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Fath-Ali Shah Qajar |
Shah of Iran 1834–1848 |
Succeeded by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar |
END change
Gestalt psychology
Structuralism (psychology)
2 change
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