International Phonetic Alphabet chart

This page is a chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet. The International Phonetic Alphabet is a system of phonetic symbols. These are created and maintained by the International Phonetic Association. It is not a full list of every single sound that is in every language.

Official chart

The official IPA chart, revised to 2020

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

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Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded

Consonants

Pulmonic consonants

IPA: Pulmonic consonants

Place →	Labial					Coronal										Dorsal					Laryngeal
Manner ↓	Bi­labial		Labio­dental		Linguo­labial		Dental		Alveolar		Post­alveolar		Retro­flex		Palatal		Velar		Uvular		Pharyn­geal/epi­glottal		Glottal
Nasal	m̥	m		ɱ		n̼			n̥	n			ɳ̊	ɳ	ɲ̊	ɲ	ŋ̊	ŋ		ɴ
Stop	p	b	p̪	b̪	t̼	d̼			t	d			ʈ	ɖ	c	ɟ	k	ɡ	q	ɢ	ʡ		ʔ
Sibilant affricate									ts	dz	t̠ʃ	d̠ʒ	ʈʂ	ɖʐ	tɕ	dʑ
Non-sibilant affricate	pɸ	bβ	p̪f	b̪v			t̪θ	d̪ð	tɹ̝̊	dɹ̝	t̠ɹ̠̊˔	d̠ɹ̠˔			cç	ɟʝ	kx	ɡɣ	qχ	ɢʁ	ʡʜ	ʡʢ	ʔh
Sibilant fricative									s	z	ʃ	ʒ	ʂ	ʐ	ɕ	ʑ
Non-sibilant fricative	ɸ	β	f	v	θ̼	ð̼	θ	ð	θ̠	ð̠	ɹ̠̊˔	ɹ̠˔		ɻ˔	ç	ʝ	x	ɣ	χ	ʁ	ħ	ʕ	h	ɦ
Approximant				ʋ						ɹ				ɻ		j		ɰ						ʔ̞
Tap/flap		ⱱ̟		ⱱ		ɾ̼			ɾ̥	ɾ			ɽ̊	ɽ				ɡ̆		ɢ̆		ʡ̆
Trill	ʙ̥	ʙ							r̥	r			ɽ̊r̥	ɽr					ʀ̥	ʀ	ʜ	ʢ
Lateral affricate									tɬ	dɮ			ʈɭ̊˔	ɖɭ˔	cʎ̝̊	ɟʎ̝	kʟ̝̊	ɡʟ̝
Lateral fricative									ɬ	ɮ			ɭ̊˔	ɭ˔	ʎ̝̊	ʎ̝	ʟ̝̊	ʟ̝
Lateral approximant										l				ɭ		ʎ		ʟ		ʟ̠
Lateral tap/flap									ɺ̥	ɺ			ɭ̥̆	ɭ̆		ʎ̆		ʟ̆

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Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.

Non-pulmonic consonants

IPA: Non-pulmonic consonants

		BL	LD	D	A	PA	RF	P	V	U	EG
Ejective	Stop	pʼ			tʼ		ʈʼ	cʼ	kʼ	qʼ	ʡʼ
	Affricate			t̪θʼ	tsʼ	t̠ʃʼ	ʈʂʼ		kxʼ	qχʼ
	Fricative	ɸʼ	fʼ	θʼ	sʼ	ʃʼ	ʂʼ	ɕʼ	xʼ	χʼ
	Lateral affricate				tɬʼ			cʎ̝̊ʼ	kʟ̝̊ʼ
	Lateral fricative				ɬʼ
Click (top: velar; bottom: uvular)	Tenuis	kʘ qʘ		kǀ qǀ	kǃ qǃ		k‼ q‼	kǂ qǂ
	Voiced	ɡʘ ɢʘ		ɡǀ ɢǀ	ɡǃ ɢǃ		ɡ‼ ɢ‼	ɡǂ ɢǂ
	Nasal	ŋʘ ɴʘ		ŋǀ ɴǀ	ŋǃ ɴǃ		ŋ‼ ɴ‼	ŋǂ ɴǂ	ʞ
	Tenuis lateral				kǁ qǁ
	Voiced lateral				ɡǁ ɢǁ
	Nasal lateral				ŋǁ ɴǁ
Implosive	Voiced	ɓ			ɗ		ᶑ	ʄ	ɠ	ʛ
	Voiceless	ɓ̥			ɗ̥		ᶑ̊	ʄ̊	ɠ̊	ʛ̥

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Gray areas are sounds which are impossible.

Co-articulated consonants

IPA: Co-articulated consonants

Nasal

n͡m

Labial–alveolar

ŋ͡m

Labial–velar

Stop

t͡p

d͡b

Labial–alveolar

k͡p

ɡ͡b

Labial–velar

q͡ʡ

Uvular–epiglottal

Fricative/approximant

ɥ̊

ɥ

Labial–palatal

ʍ

w

Labial–velar

ɧ

Sj-sound (variable)

Lateral approximant

ɫ

Velarized alveolar

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Other consonants

• Nasal palatal approximant [j̃]
• Nasal labial–velar approximant [w̃]
• Voiceless nasal glottal approximant [h̃]
• Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop [t̪ʙ̥]
• Voiceless bidental fricative [h̪͆]

Tones

Tone registers

◌̋	˥	꜒	Extra-high (top)
◌́	˦	꜓	High
◌̄	˧	꜔	Mid
◌̀	˨	꜕	Low
◌̏	˩	꜖	Extra-low (bottom)
ꜜ◌			Downstep
ꜛ◌			Upstep

Tone contours

◌̌	˩˥	꜖꜒	Rising (low to high)
◌̂	˥˩	꜒꜖	Falling (high to low)
◌᷄	˧˥	꜔꜒	High rising
	˨˦	꜕꜓	Mid rising
◌᷅	˩˧	꜖꜔	Low rising
◌᷇	˥˧	꜒꜔	High falling
	˦˨	꜓꜕	Mid falling
◌᷆	˧˩	꜔꜖	Low falling
◌᷈	˧˥˨, ˨˦˨, ˩˧˩	꜔꜒꜕, ꜕꜓꜕, ꜖꜔꜖	Rising–falling (Peaking)
◌᷉	˥˧˥, ˦˨˦, ˧˩˧	꜒꜔꜒, ꜓꜕꜓, ꜔꜖꜔	Falling–rising (Dipping)

Auxiliary symbols

Diacritics

◌̥			◌̊			Voiceless	◌̤						Breathy voiced	◌̪			◌͆			Dental
◌̬						Voiced	◌̰						Creaky voiced	◌̺						Apical
◌ʰ						Aspirated	◌̼						Linguolabial	◌̻						Laminal
◌̹		◌͗		◌˒		More rounded	◌ʷ						Labialized	◌̃						Nasalized
◌̜		◌͑		◌˓		Less rounded	◌ʲ						Palatalized	◌ⁿ						Nasal release
◌̟			◌˖			Advanced	◌ˠ						Velarized	◌ˡ						Lateral release
◌̠			◌˗			Retracted	◌ˤ						Pharyngealized	◌̚						No audible release
◌̈						Centralized	◌̴						Velarized or pharyngealized	◌ᵊ						Mid central vowel release
◌̽						Mid-centralized	◌̝			◌˔			Raised	◌ᶿ						Voiceless dental fricative release
◌̩			◌̍			Syllabic	◌̞			◌˕			Lowered	◌ˣ						Voiceless velar fricative release
◌̯			◌̑			Non-syllabic	◌̘			◌꭪			Advanced tongue root	◌ʼ						Ejective
◌˞						Rhoticity	◌̙			◌꭫			Retracted tongue root	◌͡◌ ◌͜◌						Affricate or double articulation

Suprasegmentals

ˈ	Primary stress
ˌ	Secondary stress
ː	Long
ˑ	Half-long
◌̆	Extra-short
|	Minor (foot) group
‖	Major (intonation) group
.	Syllable break
‿	Linking (absence of a break)
↗︎	Global rise
↘︎	Global fall

Transcription

[ ]	Phonetic transcription
/ /	Phonemic transcription
{ }	Prosodic notation
( )	Indistinguishable utterance
⸨ ⸩	Sound obscured

Other websites

• The International Phonetic Alphabet and the IPA Chart
• Interactive IPA chart