Paleolithic diet
The modern diet known as the paleolithic diet (abbreviated as 'paleo diet' or 'paleodiet') is a way of eating. It is also called the 'caveman diet', 'Stone Age diet' or 'hunter-gatherer diet'.
It is based on the wild plants and animals which humans ate in the Paleolithic era. This was a period about 2.5 million years long: it ended around 10,000 years ago, when people began farming.[1] The term "Paleolithic diet" may also refer to what people actually ate back then instead of the diet today.[2][3]
Meat, fish, vegetables, fruit, roots, and nuts make up most of the modern Paleolithic diet. It does not include grains, legumes, dairy products, salt, refined sugar, and processed oils.[2][4][5] The diet is much lower in carbohydrates than is usual today, and much higher in protein.[6]
Walter L. Voegtlin first made the modern Paleolithic diet popular in the 1970s.[7][8] Authors and researchers recommended and changed the diet in several books and academic journals.[9][10] Paleolithic nutrition is based on the idea in evolution that modern humans are genetically adapted to the way their Paleolithic ancestors ate, and that human genetics have not changed much since people began growing their own food. Therefore a good diet for today may be similar to that of paleolithic people.[5][11]
The basic idea is that the diet is healthy because our body is adapted to make use of it.[12][13] Two studies of the Paleolithic diet in humans have shown health benefits.[14]
This way of eating is somewhat controversial among nutritionists.[6][15] and anthropologists.[10][16] Some argue that if hunter gatherer societies did not suffer from certain diseases, this was because their diet was less calorific or for other reasons.[17][18][19] They also say today's version may not really match people's diet in the Paleolithic period.[19][20]
Background consensus change
There is a wide consensus that present-day diets in first world countries are causing serious health problems. One expert review said:
- "Obesity is a disease which, unlike others, is obvious. You don't need to be an expert to know that obesity is increasing... When I was at school in England, fat kids were rare. But in the last decade rates of obesity in English 11–15-year-olds have almost doubled, and in 2004 more than 25% of these schoolchildren were obese. This disaster is characterised as ‘a public health timebomb’,[21][22] because obese children who remain obese as adults – as most do – are twice as likely to die by the age of 50.
It is also reckoned that over 50,000 English children now [have or will develop] ‘adult-onset’ diabetes which, as the name implies, was until recently practically unknown in children. Rates of this type of diabetes in British children have increased by a factor of 10 in the last five years.[22] A representative of Diabetes UK comments: ‘we will soon be seeing our children growing up losing limbs and going blind’.[21]
It is now often stated that today's British children on average may well die younger than their parents. It seems safe to say that they will be disabled for more years before they die. Such predictions are supported by a comparison of rates of disease in 55–64-year-old men in the UK".[6]
The huge intake of calories is not balanced, as it once was, by the hard work needed to stay alive and do the hard work necessary to live. The industrial revolution changed work in all walks of life. Now machines do the hard work.
And it is not just a question of fat and carbohydrates. The consumption of sodium salt is hugely greater today than ever before.
- "Typical adult Americans consume nearly 4000 mg of sodium each day (Food & Nutrition Board, 1989) of which fully 75% is added to food during processing... In the United States recommended dietary allowances for sodium are 500±2400 mg/d... and for potassium 2000±3400mg/d (Food & Nutrition Board, 1989). These recommendations are roughly intermediate between current and ancestral human experience".[23]
These present-day eating habits, and the lack of exercise, lead to cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, osteoporosis and cancer, and to obesity in the US and other Western countries.[11]
Reasons for the diet change
According to S. Boyd Eaton, "we are the heirs of inherited characteristics accrued over millions of years; the vast majority of our biochemistry and physiology are tuned to life conditions that existed before the advent of agriculture some 10,000 years ago. Genetically our bodies are virtually the same as they were at the end of the Paleolithic era some 20,000 years ago".[23]
Ideas about paleolithic nutrition come from evolutionary biology.[24] The reason for eating like this is that natural selection had enough time for Paleolithic humans' bodies and metabolisms to get used to the food that they could eat then. But in the 10,000 years since people started farming, natural selection has not had enough time for people's genetics to change to get used to the new diet.[2] This has led to some diseases.[5]
More than 70% of the total daily energy consumed by all people in the United States comes from foods such as dairy products, cereals, refined sugars, refined vegetable oils and alcohol, that Paleolithic supporters say were not eaten during the Paleolithic era.[11] However, there is evidence that Paleolithic societies may have been using cereals for food use at least as early as 23,000 years ago,[25][26] more than 100,000 years ago,[27] and perhaps as early as 200,000 years ago.[28] However, Loren Cordain has said that the new evidence shows that grains were not eaten much back then, and he has also said that eating of wild grass seeds of any kind needs technology and processing to make the food possible to eat, and that this technology was probably not around 105,000+ years ago.[29]
Disagreements change
Disagreements are not about the background consensus described above. It is about how good the Paleolithic diet is as a solution to that problem. It is also about whether the argument behind the diet is a sound argument.
Not everybody agrees with evolutionary reasons behind the Paleolithic diet.[16][18][19] According to Alexander Ströhle, Maike Wolters and Andreas Hahn, with the Department of Food Science at the University of Hanover, saying the human genome evolved during the Pleistocene (a period from 1,808,000 to 11,550 years ago) is not based on the right beliefs about evolution.[19] They also say that 10,000 years may have been enough time for people to adapt to diets with food grown through farming.[19] For example, alleles that helped people eat dairy became common in Europe just a few thousand years after people started raising animals. There is also evidence that the diet of Stone Age humans may have had some form the refined starches and grains that are not part of the paleolithic diet. A 2010 study showed the discovery of a 30,000 year old mortar and pestle from which flour of several plants were isolated.[30]
References change
- ↑ Ianzito, Christine January 2, 2010. "Paleolithic diet is so easy, cavemen actually did it - washingtonpost.com". The Washington Post. Washington DC. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 4, 2011.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Lindeberg, Staffan 2005 (2005). "Palaeolithic diet ("stone age" diet)". Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition. 49 (2): 75–7. doi:10.1080/11026480510032043.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Bryngelsson, Susanne & Asp, Nils-Georg 2005. "Popular diets, body weight and health: what is scientifically documented?". Scandinavian Journal of Food & Nutrition. 49 (1): 15–20. doi:10.1080/11026480510031990.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Cordain, Loren 2002. "The nutritional characteristics of a contemporary diet based upon Paleolithic food groups" (PDF). Journal of the American Nutraceutical Association. 5 (5): 15–24.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Lindeberg S; Cordain L. & Eaton S.B. 2003 (2003). "Biological and clinical potential of a Paleolithic diet" (PDF). Journal of Nutritional and Environmental Medicine. 13 (3): 149–60. doi:10.1080/13590840310001619397. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-19. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Cannon, Geoffrey 2006 (2006). "Out of the box". Public Health Nutrition. 9 (4): 411–14. doi:10.1079/PHN2006959. PMID 16870011. S2CID 233335349.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Voegtlin, Walter L. 1975 (1975). The stone age diet: based on in-depth studies of human ecology and the diet of man. Vantage Press. ISBN 0533013143.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Smith, Emma 12 October 2008. "The Ray Mears caveman diet". The Sunday Times. Retrieved November 1, 2008.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Eaton, S. Boyd; Shostak, Marjorie; & Konner, Melvin 1988. The Paleolithic prescription: a program of diet & exercise and a design for living. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0060158719
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Richards, Michael P. 2002 (2002). "A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 56 (12): 1270–78. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601646. PMID 12494313. S2CID 17082871.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cordain L. et al. 2005 (2005). "Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 81 (2): 341–54. doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.341. PMID 15699220.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Kligler, Benjamin & Lee, Roberta A. (eds) 2004 (11 May 2004). "Paleolithic diet". Integrative medicine. McGraw-Hill. pp. 139–40. ISBN 007140239X.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Eaton S.B; Cordain L. & Lindeberg S. 2002 (2002). "Evolutionary health promotion: a consideration of common counter-arguments" (PDF). Preventive Medicine. 34 (2): 119–23. doi:10.1006/pmed.2001.0966. PMID 11817904. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Frassetto L.A. et al. 2009 (2009). "Metabolic and physiologic improvements from consuming a paleolithic, hunter-gatherer type diet". European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 63 (8): 947–55. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.4. PMID 19209185. S2CID 7434149.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Nestle, Marion 1999 (1999). "Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health: is the historical record unequivocal?". Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 58 (2): 211–18. doi:10.1017/S0029665199000300. PMID 10466159. S2CID 7061720.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 16.0 16.1 Milton, Katharine 2002 (2002). "Hunter-gatherer diets: wild foods signal relief from diseases of affluence (PDF)" (PDF). In Ungar, Peter S. & Teaford, Mark F (ed.). Human diet: its origins and evolution. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey. pp. 111–22. ISBN 0897897366.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Milton, Katharine 2000 (2000). "Hunter-gatherer diets: a different perspective". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 71 (3): 665–67. doi:10.1093/ajcn/71.3.665. PMID 10702155.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Elton S. 2008 (2 June 2008). "Environments, adaptations and evolutionary medicine: Should we be eating a 'stone age' diet?". In O’Higgins P. & Elton S. (ed.). Medicine and evolution: current applications, future prospects. London: Taylor and Francis. ISBN 978-1420051346.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 Ströhle A; Wolters M. & Hahn A. 2007 (2007). "Carbohydrates and the diet-atherosclerosis connection—More between earth and heaven. Comment on the article "The atherogenic potential of dietary carbohydrate"". Preventive Medicine. 44 (1): 82–4. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.08.014. PMID 16997359.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) [Behind a pay-wall] - ↑ Nestle, Marion 2000 (2000). "Paleolithic diets: a sceptical view". Nutrition Bulletin. 25 (1): 43–7. doi:10.1046/j.1467-3010.2000.00019.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 21.0 21.1 Carvel J. 2006. Child obesity has doubled in a decade. The Guardian 22 April
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Marsh B. & Harrison D. 2006. Childhood obesity time bomb explodes. Daily Telegraph 26 February
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Eaton S.B; Eaton SB III & Konner M.J. 1997 (1997). "Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications" (PDF). European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 51 (4): 207–16. doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600389. PMID 9104571. S2CID 205676230.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Eaton S.B; Cordain L. & Eaton S.B. 2001 (2001). "An evolutionary foundation for health promotion" (PDF). World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics. 90: 5–12. doi:10.1159/000059815. ISBN 3-8055-7211-5. PMID 11545045. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-06. Retrieved 2011-04-29.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑
Piperno D. et al. 2004. (2004). "Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Paleolithic revealed by starch grain analysis" (PDF). Nature. 430 (7000): 670–673. Bibcode:2004Natur.430..670P. doi:10.1038/nature02734. PMID 15295598. S2CID 4431395.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑
Aranguren B. et al. 2007. (2007). "Grinding flour in Upper Palaeolithic Europe (25 000 years bp)" (PDF). Antiquity. 81 (314): 845–855. doi:10.1017/S0003598X00095946. S2CID 162858682.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Mercader, Julio 2009. Mozambican grass seed consumption during the Middle Stone Age. Science.
- ↑
Murphy D. 2007. (19 July 2007). People, plants and genes: the story of crops and humanity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199207138.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Admin, Patrick Baker-Blog (26 December 2009). "The Paleo Diet: Dr. Cordain Comments on New Evidence of Early Human Grain Consumption".
- ↑ Revedin, Anna et al. 2010 (2010). "Thirty thousand-year-old evidence of plant food processing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (44): 18815–9. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10718815R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1006993107. PMC 2973873. PMID 20956317.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)