Toba catastrophe
The Toba catastrophe was the largest volcanic eruption in the last 2.6 million years. It is called a catastrophe because its effects may have damaged the human species.
The eruption change
Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia, is the site of a supervolcanic eruption that occurred 73,000 (±4000 years) years ago.[1][2][3][4] It was a climate-changing event. The eruption was two orders of magnitude (= x100) larger than the largest known historic eruption, that of Tambora, also in Indonesia.[2]
This eruption was the last and largest of four eruptions of Toba during the Quaternary epoch. It had an estimated Volcanic Explosivity Index of 8 (described as "apocalyptic"). It made a sizable contribution to the 100x30 km caldera complex. The mass it threw out was 100 times greater than the largest volcanic eruption in recent history. That was the 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, which caused the 1816 "Year Without a Summer" in the northern hemisphere.[5]
Consequences change
The eruption of Toba led to a volcanic winter with a worldwide decline in temperatures between 3-5 degrees C, and up to 15 degrees C in higher latitudes.[6]
Effect on humans change
According to the Toba catastrophe theory, it had global consequences. It killed most humans then alive. It created a population bottleneck in Central Eastern Africa and India that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.[6][7]
According to the theory, only 10,000 (perhaps only 1,000) pairs of humans survived the disaster. Perhaps it led to the other hominids becoming extinct, though the Neanderthals certainly survived in Europe and Eurasia.
There is no direct evidence that the theory is correct. And there is no evidence for any other animal decline or extinction, even in environmentally sensitive species.[8] There is evidence that human habitation continued in India after the eruption.[9] The theory in its strongest form seems to be incorrect.
References change
- ↑ "Global Volcanism Program page on Toba". Archived from the original on 2019-03-16. Retrieved 2014-05-06.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Chesner C.A.; et al. (1991). "Eruptive history of Earth's largest Quaternary caldera (Toba, Indonesia)" (PDF). Michigan Technological University. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
- ↑ Ninkovich, D.; N.J. Shackleton; et al. (1978). "K−Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra". Nature. 276 (5688): 574–577. Bibcode:1978Natur.276..574N. doi:10.1038/276574a0. S2CID 4364788.
- ↑ Ambrose S.H. Late Pleistocene human population bottlenecks, volcanic winter, and differentiation of modern human populations. J. Human Evolution. 34, 623–651.
- ↑ Petraglia & others 2007, p. 114; Zielinski & others 1996, p. 837.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "When humans faced extinction". BBC. 2003-06-09. Retrieved 2007-01-05.
- ↑ Robock A.; et al. (2009). "Did the Toba volcanic eruption of ~74k BP produce widespread glaciation?". Journal of Geophysical Research. 114: D10107. doi:10.1029/2008JD011652.
- ↑ Gathorne-Hardy F.J. & Harcourt-Smith W.E.H. 2003. The super-eruption of Toba: did it cause a human bottleneck? Journal of Human Evolution. 45, 227-230
- ↑ Petraglia M | display-authors = etal 2007. "Middle Paleolithic assemblages from the Indian subcontinent before and after the Toba super-eruption" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Science 317 (5834): 114–116. doi:10.1126/science.1141564. PMID 17615356.