User:Mr. Ibrahem/Anorexia nervosa
| Anorexia nervosa | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Anorexia |
 | |
| "Miss A—" depicted in 1866 and in 1870 after treatment. She was one of the earliest case studies of anorexia. From the published medical papers of Sir William Gull. | |
| Medical specialty | Psychiatry |
| Symptoms | Low weight, fear of gaining weight, strong desire to be thin, food restrictions[1] |
| Complications | Osteoporosis, infertility, heart damage, suicide[1] |
| Usual onset | Teen years to young adulthood[1] |
| Causes | Unknown[2] |
| Risk factors | Family history, high-level athletics, modelling, dancing[2][3][4] |
| Differential diagnosis | Body dysmorphic disorder, bulimia nervosa, substance use disorder, hyperthyroidism, inflammatory bowel disease, dysphagia, cancer[5][6] |
| Treatment | Cognitive behavioral therapy, hospitalisation to restore weight[1] |
| Prognosis | 5% risk of death over 10 years[3] |
| Frequency | 2.9 million (2015)[7] |
| Deaths | 600 (2015)[8] |
Anorexia nervosa, often referred to simply as anorexia,[9] is an eating disorder, characterized by low weight, food restriction, fear of gaining weight, and a strong desire to be thin.[1] Many people with anorexia see themselves as overweight even though they are, in fact, underweight.[1][2] They often deny that they have a problem with low weight.[3] They weigh themselves frequently, eat small amounts, and only eat certain foods.[1] Some exercise excessively, force themselves to vomit, or use laxatives to produce weight loss.[1] Complications may include osteoporosis, infertility, and heart damage, among others.[1] Women will often stop having menstrual periods.[3]
The cause is currently unknown.[2] There appear to be some genetic components with identical twins more often affected than non-identical twins.[2] Cultural factors also appear to play a role with societies that value thinness having higher rates of disease.[3] Additionally, it occurs more commonly among those involved in activities that value thinness such as high-level athletics, modelling, and dancing.[3][4] Anorexia often begins following a major life-change or stress-inducing event.[3] The diagnosis requires a significantly low weight.[3] The severity of disease is based on body mass index (BMI) in adults with mild disease having a BMI of greater than 17, moderate a BMI of 16 to 17, severe a BMI of 15 to 16, and extreme a BMI less than 15.[3] In children a BMI for age percentile of less than the 5th percentile is often used.[3]
Treatment of anorexia involves restoring a healthy weight, treating the underlying psychological problems, and addressing behaviors that promote the problem.[1] While medications do not help with weight gain, they may be used to help with associated anxiety or depression.[1] A number of types of therapy may be useful, such as cognitive behavioral therapy or an approach where parents assume responsibility for feeding their child known as Maudsley family therapy.[1][10] Sometimes people require admission to a hospital to restore weight. Evidence for benefit from nasogastric tube feeding, however is unclear.[11] Some people with anorexia will just have a single episode and recover while others may have many episodes over years. Many complications improve or resolve with regaining of weight.
Globally, anorexia is estimated to affect 2.9 million people as of 2015[update].[7] It is estimated to occur in 0.9% to 4.3% of women and 0.2% to 0.3% of men in Western countries at some point in their life.[12] About 0.4% of young women are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur ten times more commonly among women than men.[3][12] Rates in most of the developing world are unclear.[3] Often it begins during the teen years or young adulthood.[1] While anorexia became more commonly diagnosed during the 20th century it is unclear if this was due to an increase in its frequency or simply better diagnosis.[2] In 2013 it directly resulted in about 600 deaths globally, up from 400 deaths in 1990.[13] Eating disorders also increase a person's risk of death from a wide range of other causes, including suicide.[1][12] About 5% of people with anorexia die from complications over a ten-year period, a nearly six times increased risk.[3] The term "anorexia nervosa" was first used in 1873 by William Gull to describe this condition.[14]
References
change- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 "What are Eating Disorders?". NIMH. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2015.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Attia E (2010). "Anorexia nervosa: current status and future directions". Annual Review of Medicine. 61 (1): 425–35. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.050208.200745. PMID 19719398.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 (5 ed.). Washington: American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. pp. 338–345. ISBN 978-0-89042-555-8.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Arcelus J, Witcomb GL, Mitchell A (March 2014). "Prevalence of eating disorders amongst dancers: a systemic review and meta-analysis". European Eating Disorders Review. 22 (2): 92–101. doi:10.1002/erv.2271. PMID 24277724.
- ↑ Parker, Robert; Sharma, Asheesh (2008). General Medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 56. ISBN 978-0723434610. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
- ↑ M.D, Michael B. First (19 November 2013). DSM-5 Handbook of Differential Diagnosis. American Psychiatric Pub. ISBN 9781585624621. Archived from the original on 26 July 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2020 – via Google Books.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Vos, Theo; Allen, Christine; Arora, Megha; Barber, Ryan M.; Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.; Brown, Alexandria; Carter, Austin; Casey, Daniel C.; Charlson, Fiona J.; Chen, Alan Z.; Coggeshall, Megan; Cornaby, Leslie; Dandona, Lalit; Dicker, Daniel J.; Dilegge, Tina; Erskine, Holly E.; Ferrari, Alize J.; Fitzmaurice, Christina; Fleming, Tom; Forouzanfar, Mohammad H.; Fullman, Nancy; Gething, Peter W.; Goldberg, Ellen M.; Graetz, Nicholas; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Hay, Simon I.; Johnson, Catherine O.; Kassebaum, Nicholas J.; Kawashima, Toana; Kemmer, Laura (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|displayauthors=ignored (|display-authors=suggested) (help) - ↑ Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
- ↑ Sari Fine Shepphird (2009). 100 Questions & Answers About Anorexia Nervosa. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. xvi. ISBN 978-1-4496-3079-9. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
- ↑ Hay P (July 2013). "A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005-2012". The International Journal of Eating Disorders. 46 (5): 462–9. doi:10.1002/eat.22103. PMID 23658093.
- ↑ "Eating Disorders: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders" (PDF). 2004. p. 103. PMID 23346610.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (August 2012). "Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates". Current Psychiatry Reports. 14 (4): 406–14. doi:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y. PMC 3409365. PMID 22644309.
- ↑ Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (January 2015). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–71. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
- ↑ Gull WW (September 1997). "Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). 1868". Obesity Research. 5 (5): 498–502. doi:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00677.x. PMID 9385628.