Butterfly effect

idea that small causes can have large effects in complex or nonlinear dynamic systems

Methane is the second most abundant anthropogenic (caused by human action or inaction) greenhouse gas after carbon dioxide (CO2), accounting for about 20 percent of global emissions. Methane is more than 25 times as potent as carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere. The butterfly effects helps scientists look at this problem.

Experiment showing the butterfly effect with a double pendulum: At first, the movement is the same, but with time, there are differences.

The butterfly effect is an idea from chaos theory. A small change can sometimes make much bigger changes happen.[1] One small incident may have a big impact on the future. The emphasis here is on the words may and can. There is no general theory which tells us what is going to happen.

Weather and events are hard to forecast, but that doesn't mean when a butterfly flaps its wings in Tokyo and Arsenal lose a match in the English Premier League. That's just silly and impossible. However, what seem to be tiny changes in a planet's orbit can and do cause big changes to the weather: see Milankovich cycle.

Author Ray Bradbury wrote the short story "A Sound of Thunder" with this idea— time travelers make a very small change in the past that makes a large change in the present.[2] However, remember that time travel is impossible, or at least has never been shown to be possible.

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  1. Lorenz, Edward N. 1963. Deterministic nonperiodic flow. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 20 (2): 130–141. [1]
  2. Brett M. Rogers; Benjamin Eldon Stevens, eds. (2015). Classical traditions in science fiction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-022833-0. Retrieved June 3, 2020.