Charnia
Charnia is the genus name of a frond-like Ediacaran lifeform. It has segmented ridges branching alternately to the right and left from a midline. The genus Charnia was named after Charnwood Forest in Leicestershire, England, where the first fossilised specimen was found.
Significance
changeCharnia is a highly significant fossil for several reasons. It is the first fossil ever described from undoubted Precambrian rocks. Until then the Precambrian was thought to have no fossils. Similar fossils found in the 1930s (Namibia) and the 1940s (Australia) but were thought to be of Cambrian age.
Secondly, Charnia has become an enduring image of Precambrian animals. Originally interpreted as an alga (Ford), it was recast as a sea pen, a sister group to the modern soft corals, from 1966 onwards (Glaessner). The sea pen interpretation has recently been discredited.[1] The current "state of the art" is something of a "statement of ignorance".[2]
Ecology
changeLittle is known of the ecology of Charnia. It was benthic, anchored to the sea floor. It probably lived in deep waters, below the waves (perhaps a great deal below the wave base). This means it did not photosynthesise. Further, it has no obvious feeding apparatus (mouth, gut, etc.) and so its lifestyle is somewhat of an enigma. Some think it survived by filter feeding or directly absorbing nutrients.[3]
The growth and development of the Ediacara biota is also important. It was used to discredit the sea pen hypothesis. In contrast to the sea pens (that grow by new buds at the base), Charnia grew by new buds at the apex.[4]
Distribution
changeCharnia is, in time and geography, the most widespread Ediacaran fossil.[4] The greatest abundance of specimens, which are also the oldest reliably dated Ediacaran fossils, are found at Mistaken Point on Newfoundland.[5]
Diversity
change
Three species, C. masoni, C. wardi, and C. antecedens, have different length/width ratios and attachments of adjacent branches.[6]
Charnia masoni was found by Roger Mason, a schoolboy who later became a professor of metamorphic petrology, in 1957.[7] Tina Negus, a 15 year old schoolgirl at the time, had seen this fossil a year previously, but her geography schoolteacher flatly denied the possibility of Precambrian fossils.[8][9]
Charnia wardi, later discovered in 1978 in southeast Newfoundland, was first described in 2003.[5] This is the longest surviving Ediacaran age fossil, lasting over 2 million years. The holotype is a fragmentary specimen with a C. masoni like structure. It was defined as a new species on the basis of long and narrow shape. It was split off from Charnia in 2009, and was moved to the new genus Trepassia. [10]
Charnia antecedens has more irregular and higher angles of branching than C. masoni.[6][11] This species was also split off into a new genus, Vinlandia, in 2012.[12]
A number of Ediacaran form taxa are thought to represent Charnia (or Charniodiscus) at varying levels of decay.[13]
References
change- ↑ Gary C. Williams. "Aspects of the evolutionary biology of pennatulacean octocorals".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Antcliffe, J.B.; Brasier, M.D. (2008). "Charnia at 50: developmental models for Ediacaran fronds". Palaeontology. 51 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00738.x. S2CID 83486435.
- ↑ Narbonne
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Antcliffe, J.B.; Brasier, M.D. (2008). "Charnia at 50: Developmental Models for Ediacaran Fronds". Palaeontology. 51 (1): 11–26. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00738.x. S2CID 83486435.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Narbonne, Guy M.; Gehling, James G. (2003). "Life after Snowball: the oldest complex Ediacaran fossils" (PDF). Geology. 31 (1): 27–30. Bibcode:2003Geo....31...27N. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0027:LASTOC>2.0.CO;2. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-10-31. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 M. Laflamme; et al. (2007). "Morphology and taphonomy of an Ediacaran frond: Charnia from the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland". Geological Society, London, Special Publications. 286 (1): 237–257. Bibcode:2007GSLSP.286..237L. doi:10.1144/SP286.17. S2CID 129001821.
- ↑ Ford T.D. (1958). "Precambrian fossils from Charnwood Forest". Yorkshire Geological Society Proceedings. 31 (3): 211–217. doi:10.1144/pygs.31.3.211.
- ↑ Ford, Trevor. "The discovery of Charnia". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ↑ Negus, Tina. "An account of the discovery of Charnia". Archived from the original on 2011-07-23. Retrieved 2012-04-02.
- ↑ Narbonne, Guy M.; Laflamme, Marc; Greentree, Carolyn; Trusler, Peter (July 2009). "Reconstructing a lost world: Ediacaran rangeomorphs from Spaniard's Bay, Newfoundland". Journal of Paleontology. 83 (4): 503–523. doi:10.1666/08-072R1.1.
- ↑ Hofmann H.J. et al. 2008. Ediacaran biota on Bonavista Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada Journal of Paleontology
- ↑ Brasier, Martin D.; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Liu, Alexander G. (September 2012). "The architecture of Ediacaran Fronds". Palaeontology. 55 (5): 1105–1124. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01164.x.
- ↑ Liu A.G. et al. 2011. Effaced preservation in the Ediacara biota and its implications for the early macrofossil record. Palaeontology 54 607–630. Effaced preservation in the Ediacara biota and its implications for the early macrofossil record