Chordate

phylum of animals
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Chordates, phylum Chordata, are a phylum of animals which have a notochord. The group includes vertebrates, with some closely related invertebrates.

Chordates
Temporal range: Cambrian Stage 3Present, 525–0 Ma[1] (Possible Ediacaran record, 555 Ma[2])
LanceletChondrichthyesTunicateTetrapod
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Haeckel, 1874[3][4]
Subgroups

And see text

Classification

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Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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Chordata
 Tunicata 

 Appendicularia (formerly Larvacea)



 Thaliacea 



 Ascidiacea 




 Cephalochordata


 Craniata 

Myxini


 Vertebrata 

 Conodonta



 Cephalaspidomorphi



 Hyperoartia



 Pteraspidomorphi


 Gnathostomata 

 Placodermi



 Chondrichthyes


 Teleostomi 

 Acanthodii


 Osteichthyes 

 Actinopterygii


 Sarcopterygii 
void
 Tetrapoda 

 Amphibia


 Amniota 
 Synapsida 
void

 Mammalia




 Sauropsida 
void

 Aves















Note: Lines show likely evolutionary relationships. Extinct groups are marked with a "†". Extinct animals are ones that have completely died out.

Origin of chordates

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According to a long-standing theory, the origin of chordates may be found in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates). Adult tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are motile, and have some features found in early vertebrates. The process of paedomorphosis, where juvenile features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism.[8][9][10] Genome analysis shows that tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates.[11]

References

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  1. Yang, Chuan; Li, Xian-Hua; Zhu, Maoyan; Condon, Daniel J.; Chen, Junyuan (2018). "Geochronological constraint on the Cambrian Chengjiang biota, South China" (PDF). Journal of the Geological Society. 175 (4): 659–666. Bibcode:2018JGSoc.175..659Y. doi:10.1144/jgs2017-103. ISSN 0016-7649. S2CID 135091168. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  2. Fedonkin, M. A.; Vickers-Rich, P.; Swalla, B. J.; Trusler, P.; Hall, M. (2012). "A new metazoan from the Vendian of the White Sea, Russia, with possible affinities to the ascidians". Paleontological Journal. 46 (1): 1–11. Bibcode:2012PalJ...46....1F. doi:10.1134/S0031030112010042. S2CID 128415270.
  3. Haeckel, E. (1874). Anthropogenie oder Entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen. Leipzig: Engelmann.
  4. Nielsen, C. (July 2012). "The authorship of higher chordate taxa". Zoologica Scripta. 41 (4): 435–436. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00536.x. S2CID 83266247.
  5. 5.0 5.1 He, K.; Liu, J.; Han, J.; Ou, Q.; Chen, A.; Zhang, Z.; Fu, D.; Hua, H.; Zhang, X.; Shu, D. (2023). "Comment on "Ultrastructure reveals ancestral vertebrate pharyngeal skeleton in yunnanozoans"". Science. 381 (6656): eade9707. doi:10.1126/science.ade9707. PMID 37499008.
  6. Mussini, G.; Smith, M. P.; Vinther, J.; Rahman, I. A.; Murdock, D. J. E.; Harper, D. A. T.; Dunn, F. S. (2024). "A new interpretation of Pikaia reveals the origins of the chordate body plan". Current Biology. 34 (13): 2980–2989.e2. Bibcode:2024CBio...34.2980M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.026. PMID 38866005.
  7. 7.0 7.1 Lerosey-Aubril, R.; Ortega-Hernández, J. (2024). "A long-headed Cambrian soft-bodied vertebrate from the American Great Basin region". Royal Society Open Science. 11 (7). Bibcode:2024RSOS...1140350L. doi:10.1098/rsos.240350. PMC 11267725. PMID 39050723.
  8. Garstang, Walter 1894. Preliminary notes on a new theory of the phylogeny of the chordates. Zoologischer Anzeiger 17, p122.
  9. Garstang, Walter 1928. The morphology of the tunicata, and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Chordata. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 72, p51.
  10. de Beer, Gavin 1951. Embryos and ancestors. 3rd ed, Oxfor, The evolution of chordates, p76.
  11. Delsuc, Frédéric et al. 2006. Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Nature 439, 965-968

Other websites

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