Wikipedia

Eunuch

castrated male human

A eunuch is a castrated man. His genitals have been removed. This can be cutting off the testicles or removing the penis and the testicles.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]

Harem Ağası, head of the black eunuchs of the Ottoman Imperial Harem.

Over the millennia since, eunuchs had a lot of different functions in different cultures such as domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, government officials, military commanders, and guardians of women or harem servants. When eunuchs ran a harem, a monarch could be sure he was the one who fathered his wives' children since real eunuchs were always infertile.

In Byzantine art, angels and eunuchs were often shown in a similar light and manner.[26]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ Matignon, J.-J. (1896). "Les eunuques du Palais Impérial à Pékin". Bulletins de la Société d'anthropologie de Paris. IV (in https://books.google.com/books?id=XpA2AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA335&dq=%22unguibus+et+rostro and +tr%C3%A8s+vraisemblablement.%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJopPPppz5AhXAXvEDHZ_xCgMQ6AF6BAgGEAM). https://archive.org/stream/bulletinsetmmo407sociuoft/bulletinsetmmo407sociuoft_djvu.txt. 7: 325–336. doi:10.3406/bmsap.1896.5645. {{cite journal}}: External link in |language= and |location= (help)CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  2. ↑ Archives d'anthropologie criminelle, de médecine légale et de psychologie normale et pathologique, Volume 11. 1896. p. 704.
  3. ↑ Lancette française: Gazette des hopitaux civils et militaires, Volume 69. 1896. p. 762.
  4. ↑ Vallettee, Alfred Louis Edmond, ed. (1900). Mercure de France, Volume 35. p. 503.
  5. ↑ Mercure de France: Série moderne, Volume 35. 1900. p. 503.
  6. ↑ Matignon, Jean-Jacques (1900). Superstition, crime et misère en Chine. Vol. 20 of Bibliothèque de criminologie (2 ed.). A. Storck et cie. p. 272.
  7. ↑ Matignon, Jean-Jacques (1899). Superstitions, crime et misère en Chine,... Storck. p. 200.
  8. ↑ Matignon, Jean-Jacques (1896). Les eunuques du Palais Impérial a Pékin. Gounouilhou. p. 12.
  9. ↑ Matignon, Jean-Jacques (1902). Superstition. A. Storck & Cie. p. 267.
  10. ↑ Morat, Jean Pierre; Doyon, Maurice (1918). Traité de physiologie, Volume 5. Masson et cie.
  11. ↑ Archives de l'anthropologie criminelle et des sciences pénales, Volume 11. G. Masson. 1896. p. 704.
  12. ↑ Wilhelm Roux' Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, Volume 30. Vol. 1-105 of Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Biologie ... Abteilung D. J. Springer. 1910. p. 250.
  13. ↑ Wilhelm Roux's Archives of Developmental Biology, Volume 30. Springer-Verlag. 1910. p. 250.
  14. ↑ Archiv für Entwicklungsmechanik der Organismen, Volume 30. Vol. 1-105 of Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Biologie ... Abteilung D. Contributor Wilhelm Roux. Wilhelm Engelmann. 1910. p. 250.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ↑ The China Medical Missionary Journal, Volume 6, Issue 3. Contributor Bo yi hui. Kelly & Walsh. 1892. p. 207.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  16. ↑ The Military Surgeon: Journal of the Association of Military Surgeons of the United States, Volumes 34-35. Contributor Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. The Association. 1914. p. 112.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  17. ↑ Military Medicine, Volume 34. Contributor Association of Military Surgeons of the United States. Association of Military Surgeons, United States. 1914. p. 112.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  18. ↑ Wilson, Jean D.; Roehrborn, Claus (1 December 1999). "Long-Term Consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 84 (12): 4324–433. doi:10.1210/jcem.84.12.6206.
  19. ↑ Junne, George H. (2016). The Black Eunuchs of the Ottoman Empire: Networks of Power in the Court of the Sultan. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 123. ISBN 978-0857728081.
  20. ↑ Chiang, Howard (2018). After Eunuchs: Science, Medicine, and the Transformation of Sex in Modern China (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231546331.
  21. ↑ Wu, Liande (1918). North Manchurian Plague Prevention Service Reports. Tientsin Press Limited. p. 260.
  22. ↑ Adam, Andrew E. (2018). Thomas Cochrane and the Dragon Throne: Confronting disease, distrust and murderous rebellion in Imperial China. SPCK. ISBN 978-0281080373.
  23. ↑ Dale, Melissa S. (2018). Inside the World of the Eunuch: A Social History of the Emperor's Servants in Qing China. Book collections on Project MUSE (illustrated, reprint ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-9888455751.
  24. ↑ Patwardhan, Sujata; Sawant, Ajit; Ismail, Mohammed (2007 Jul-Sep). "Chronic urinary retention in eunuchs". Indian Journal of Urology : IJU : Journal of the Urological Society of India. 23 (3): 317–318. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.33733. PMC 2721615. PMID 19718339. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  25. ↑ Li, Lillian M. (2012). "The Garden of Perfect Brightness-1 The Yuanmingyuan as Imperial Paradise (1700-1860)". Visualizing Cultures. Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
  26. ↑ Brown, Amelia R. "Painting the Bodiless: Angels and Eunuchs in Byzantine Art and Culture". Inter-disciplinary.net – via www.academia.edu.

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