Wikipedia

Evil

profound immorality

Evil means something which is morally bad or wicked.[1] It is the opposite of good. People may say that an action which hurts people or breaks certain rules such as the Ten Commandments is evil. A person or a group that does evil things may also be called evil.

The Inferno by Herri met de Bles depicts demons torturing a person in Hell, an allegory of evil.

Logical problem of evil

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A version of the Problem of evil, perhaps by Epicurus,[2] goes as follows:[3]

  1. If a perfectly good god exists, then evil does not.
  2. There is evil in the world.
  3. Therefore, a perfectly good god does not exist.

Another argument goes:

  1. God exists.
  2. God is omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good.
  3. A perfectly good being would want to prevent all evils.
  4. An omniscient being knows every way in which evils can come into existence.
  5. An omnipotent being, who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, has the power to prevent that evil from coming into existence.
  6. A being who knows every way in which an evil can come into existence, who is able to prevent that evil from coming into existence, and who wants to do so, would prevent the existence of that evil.
  7. If there exists an omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good being, then no evil exists.
  8. Evil exists (logical contradiction).[4]

Arguments such as these are about the logical problem of evil. They attempt to show that the assumed propositions lead to a logical contradiction and so cannot all be correct.

Theology

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A common response is that God can exist with and allow evil in order to achieve a greater good. Some philosophers accept that arguments such as "God allows evil in order to achieve the greater good of free will" are logically possible and thus solve the logical problem of evil.[5] Since the aim is only to defeat the assertion that God and evil are logically incompatible, even a highly implausible instance of God's coexistence with evil is sufficient for the purpose.[6]

In theology, there is a question: If there is a God, why does God let evil happen? Some think that evil proves that there is not a God. Others think that God lets evil happen so that people can choose not to do evil.[7]

Philosophies of science have approached the problem from the angle of empiricism. For logical positivism the issue with God is the lack of any independent method of verification. In their view, this makes the proposition "God exists", not true or false, but meaningless.[8] A similar position points to the lack of any way the proposition might be falsified.[9]

 
Adolf Hitler is sometimes used as a modern definition of evil.[10] Hitler's policies and orders resulted in the deaths of about 50 million people.[11]

Views

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The study of good and evil in philosophy is called ethics. Ethics tries to explain why some actions are good and other actions are evil. It attempts to give all kinds of answers for how to tell evil from good.

Christians believe that at the Second Coming of Christ, God will put an end to evil and the works of the Devil- see the end of the Book of Revelation. In fiction, evil people are often called villains.

Political actions are sometimes viewed as evil such as authoritarianism, ableism, corruption or censorship. People disagree on why people do evil things. Religious people may think that it is the result of listening to an evil being such as the devil or sin. Others think it happens because of mental issues like anger, mental illness or revenge. Certain types of behavior are also often seen as universally evil, such as killing, lying or stealing. Sex crimes such as rape, hebephilia or pedophilia are also often seen as evil in basically every culture or society. [12]

References

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  1. ↑ Concise Oxford Dictionary.
  2. ↑ Perhaps wrongly attributed to Epicurus by Lactantius, who, from his Christian perspective, regarded Epicurus as an atheist. According to Reinhold Glei, the argument of theodicy is from a source which is anti-epicurean. Reinhold F. Glei 1988. Et invidus et inbecillus. Das angebliche Epikurfragment bei Laktanz, De ira dei 13, 20-21, in: Vigiliae Christianae 42 pp. 47-58
  3. ↑ Larrimore M.J. 2001. The problem of evil. Wiley-Blackwell.
  4. ↑ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The evidential problem of evil Nick Trakakis
  5. ↑ Meister, Chad (2009). Introducing philosophy of religion. Routledge. p. 134. ISBN 978-0415403276.
  6. ↑ The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. The logical problem of evil James R. Beebe
  7. ↑ Tooley, Michael. "The Problem of Evil". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 2012-07-07.
  8. ↑ Ayer A.J 1936 [2nd ed 1946]. Language, truth and logic. Gollancz, London.
  9. ↑ Lakatos, Imre 1976. Proofs and refutations. Cambridge.
  10. ↑ Sanburn, Josh (February 4, 2011). "Top 25 Political Icons - Adolf Hitler". Time. Archived from the original on August 26, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2011.
  11. ↑ Del Testa, David W; Lemoine, Florence; Strickland, John (2003). Government Leaders, Military Rulers, and Political Activists. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-57356-153-2.
  12. ↑ Baaz, Maria Eriksson, and Maria Stern. "Why do soldiers rape? Masculinity, violence, and sexuality in the armed forces in the Congo (DRC)." International Studies Quarterly 53.2 (2009): 495-518
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