Greedy algorithm

A greedy algorithm is an algorithm used in solving optimization problems. Greedy algorithms select the best result at each iteration. The global optimum is obtained by repeatedly selecting the local optimum.

Greedy algorithms determine the minimum number of coins to give while making change. These are the steps a human would take to emulate a greedy algorithm to represent 36 cents using only coins with values {1, 5, 10, 20}. The coin of the highest value, less than the remaining change owed, is the local optimum. Note that in general, dynamic programming or linear programming is required to find the optimal solution. However, most currency systems, including the Euro (pictured) and US Dollar, are special cases where the greedy strategy also finds an optimal solution.

Examples

• Kruskal's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
• Prim's algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree in a graph.
• Dijkstra's algorithm for finding the shortest path in a graph with non-negative edge lengths.

There are some problems where greedy algorithms do not produce the best possible solution. In such cases, they often produce the worst possible one. Again look at the coin-changing example above, and imagine that there are coins for 25 cent, 10 cent and 4 cent. Now imagine that the sum of 41 cent needs to be changed. A greedy algorithm would pick 25 cent, 10 cent, and 4 cent, for a total of 39 cent. The algorithm is then stuck, because the remaining 2 cent cannot be changed. One possible way of solving the is to use the 25 cent coin, and four coins of 4 cent.