Polychaete
Polychaetes, or bristle worms, are a class of annelid worms.
| Polychaetes | |
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| A variety of marine worms from Das Meer, M.J. Schleiden (1804–1881). | |
| Scientific classification | |
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| Class: | Polychaeta Grube, 1850
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They are generally found in a marine environment. There are more than 10,000 known species in this class. They are ancient animals, dating back to 518 million years ago. They are first found in the early Cambrian fossil beds of Sirius Passet in Greenland.[1]
Each of their body segments has some fleshy protrusions that stand out. These 'parapodia' have many bristles, which are made of chitin. This is different from the Oligochaeta, which are similar in form, but only have a few bristles.
Common species are the lugworm, and the clam worm Nereis (which is sometimes also called a 'sandworm').[2]
Description
changePolychaetes are segmented worms, generally less than 10 centimetres (3.9 in) in length, although ranging at the extremes from 1 millimetre (0.039 in) to 3 metres (9.8 ft). They are often brightly coloured, and may be iridescent or even luminescent.
Each segment bears a pair of paddle-like parapodia, which are used for movement. In many species, the parapodia, well supplied with blood vessels, act as the worm's primary respiratory surfaces. Bundles of bristles stick out from the parapodia.[2]
Some bristle worms have poison bristles. The bristles will break off in the skin of a predator that tries to pick up the animal and sting the predator painfully.[3]
The head, or prostomium, is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids. It is forward over the mouth, which lies on the animal's underside. The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although there are some blind species. These eyes are fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing between light and dark. Some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of real vision.[2]
The head also includes a pair of antennae, tentacle-like palps, and a pair of pits lined with cilia, known as "nuchal organs". These latter appear to be chemoreceptors which help the worm seek out food.[2]
Ecology
changePolychaetes vary in form and lifestyle. Most burrow or build tubes in the sediment, some swim among the plankton, and some live as commensals. A few are parasitic.
The mobile forms tend to have well-developed sense organs and jaws, while the stationary forms lack them, but may have specialized gills or tentacles used for respiration and deposit or filter feeding, e.g., fanworms.
A few groups have evolved to live in terrestrial environments, but are restricted to humid areas. Some have even evolved tubes that open inwards from the skin which work like simple lungs, absorbing oxygen from the air and allowing release of waste gases.
- Notable polychaetes
- One notable polychaete, the Pompeii worm (Alvinella pompejana) is endemic to the hydrothermal vents of the Pacific Ocean. Pompeii worms are among the most heat-tolerant metazoan animals known.
- A recently discovered genus, Osedax, includes a species nicknamed the "bone-eating snot flower".[4]
- Another remarkable polychaete is Hesiocaeca methanicola, which lives on methane clathrate deposits.
- Lamellibrachia luymesi is a cold seep tube worm which reaches lengths of over 3 meters, and may be the most long-lived animal at over 250 years old.
- A still unclassified multi-legged predatory polychaete worm was identified only by observation from the underwater vehicle Nereus at the bottom of the Challenger Deep, the greatest depth in the oceans, near 10,902 m (35,768 ft) depth. It was about an inch long visually, but the probe failed to capture it, so it could not be studied in detail.[5]
- Eunice aphroditois is a sea-floor predator which catches and eats fish bigger than itself.
Bristle worm diet
changeMost bristle worms are scavengers, but some are good predators, eating fishes and coral. Others like to eat algae. They are usually found hiding in reefs and rocky places. They crawl along the sea floor or the bottom of a tide pool, looking for something to eat.[2]
References
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- ↑ Morris S.C. & Peel J. S. 2008. The earliest annelids: Lower Cambrian polychaetes from the Sirius Passet lagerstätte, Peary Land, North Greenland. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 53: 137. [1]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Barnes, Robert D. 1982. Invertebrate zoology. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 469–525. ISBN 0-03-056747-5.
- ↑ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. 2006. Andrews' Diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0
- ↑ "'Zombie worms' found off Sweden". BBC News. 18 October 2005. Retrieved 12 February 2010.
- ↑ Accessed Oct. 8, 2009 Archived 1996-10-27 at the Wayback Machine Geography of the ocean floor near Guam with some notes on exploration of the Challenger Deep.