Wikipedia

Pseudophilautus

genus of amphibian

Pseudophilautus is a group of frogs in the family Rhacophoridae. Some of them live in India in the Western Ghat mountains and some live in Sri Lanka.[1] Some of these frogs are extinct.[2] Other times, scientists thought a species was extinct, but it was not.[3][4]

Pseudophilautus
Adult male Pseudophilautus rus from Hantane Range, Kandy
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order: Anura
Family: Rhacophoridae
Subfamily: Rhacophorinae
Genus: Pseudophilautus
Laurent, 1943
Species

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Pseudophilautus amboli, one of the Indian species

Life cycle

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Frogs in genus Pseudophilautus have direct development: They hatch out of eggs as small frogs called froglets. They never swim as tadpoles the way other frogs do. This means that these frogs do not need to find pools of water big enough for tadpoles to swim in and find food. However, if there is not enough water in the air, the eggs dry out and die.[5]

For most of these species, the female frog lays eggs on the ground. One species, Pseudophilautus femoralis, lays eggs on leaves of medium-sized plants. Males sing for female frogs. They usually call at night when there is water in the air. The male frog holds onto the female frog in a grip called amplexus. Sometimes the frogs will change color so that they look like the ground or the leaves on it. Then the female frog finds a good place and digs a hole for the eggs. Then she mixes the eggs in with the soil. Then both parents go away. They do not watch the eggs or take care of the froglets. When the female Pseudophilautus femoralis frog lays eggs, she puts them on the undersides of leaves using sticky fluid. She watches the eggs for a few hours to see that they do not fall off. Then she goes away.[5]

Eggs are 3.7–5.7 mm (0.15–0.22 in) in diameter. The eggs hatch after 24–68 days. Pseudophilautus embryos do not have gills but they do have large tails like tadpoles do. Scientists think the embryos use the tail to get oxygen. Some species of froglets have tails when they hatch and in other species they hatch with no tail.[5]

List of species

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The following species are in the genus Pseudophilautus,[1] including eight species described in 2013 by Wickramasinghe and colleagues:[6]

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Frost, Darrel R. (2014). "Pseudophilautus Laurent, 1943". Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0. American Museum of Natural History. Retrieved 1 March 2014.
  2. ↑ IUCN (2013). "IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.1. <www.iucnredlist.org>". Retrieved 14 November 2013.
  3. ↑ "Lost and found: One of the world's most elusive amphibians, Pseudophilautus stellatus (Kelaart 1853) rediscovered". Zootaxa. 3620 (1): 112–128. 2013. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3620.1.5. PMID 26120699. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Wickramasinghe, L.J.M.; Vidanapathirana, D.R.; Rajeev, M.D.G.; Wickramasinghe, N. (2013). "Rediscovery of Pseudophilautus hypomelas (Günther, 1876) (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from the Peak Wilderness, Sri Lanka, a species thought to be extinct!" (PDF). Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5 (17): 5181–5193. doi:10.11609/jott.o3547.5181-93. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Bahir, M. M.; M. Meegaskumbura; K. Manamendra-Arachchi; C. J. Schneider; R. Pethiyagoda (2005). "Reproduction and terrestrial direct development in Sri Lankan shrub frogs (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae: Philautus)" (PDF). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Suppl. 12: 339–350. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-17.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 Wickramasinghe, L.J. Mendis; Dulan Ranga Vidanapathirana; M.D. Gehan Rajeev; S. Chathuranga Ariyarathne; A.W. Amila Chanaka; L.L. Dharshana Priyantha; Imesh Nuwan Bandara; Nethu Wickramasinghe (2013). "Eight new species of Pseudophilautus (Amphibia: Anura: Rhacophoridae) from Sripada World Heritage Site (Peak Wilderness), a local amphibian hotspot in Sri Lanka". Journal of Threatened Taxa. 5 (4): 3789–3920. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3099.3789-920.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 7.24 7.25 7.26 Manamendra-Arachchi, K. & Pethiyagoda, R. (2005). "The Sri Lankan shrub frogs of the genus Philautus Gistel, 1848 (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae), with description of 27 new species. In: Yeo, C. J., Ng, P. K. L. & Pethiyagoda, R. (Ed.), Contributions to biodiversity exploration and research in Sri Lanka" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 12: 163–303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-18. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 Meegaskumbura M. & Manamendra-Arachchi K. (2005). "Description of eight new species of shrub frogs (Ranidae: Rhacophorinae: Philautus) from Sri Lanka. In: Yeo, C. J., Ng, P. K. L. & Pethiyagoda, R. (Ed.), Contributions to biodiversity exploration and research in Sri Lanka" (PDF). The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology. Supplement 12: 305–338. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-17. Retrieved 2023-09-27.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Meegaskumbura, M.; Manamendra-Archchi, M. (2011). "Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Pseudophilautus) from Sri Lanka" (PDF). Zootaxa. 2747: 1–18. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.2747.1.1.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Meegaskumbura, M., K. Manamendra-Arachchi, C. J. Schneider & R. Pethiyagoda (2007). "New species amongst Sri Lanka's extinct shrub frogs (Amphibia: Rhacophoridae: Philautus)" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1397: 1–15. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1397.1.1.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link]
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