Renewable energy commercialization
Renewable energy commercialization involves many different technologies, including solar photovoltaics, solar thermal power plants, solar heating and cooling systems, wind power, hydroelectricity, geothermal power, biomass, and ocean energy systems.[2] Each is at a different stage of development, yet the market is growing for many renewables.
Renewables contributed 19 percent to our energy consumption and 22 percent to our electricity generation in 2012 and 2013, respectively. Both, modern renewables, such as hydro, wind, solar and biofuels, as well as traditional biomass, contributed in about equal parts to the global energy supply. Worldwide investments in renewable technologies amounted to more than US$214 billion in 2013, with countries like China and the United States heavily investing in wind, hydro, solar and biofuels.[3]
Renewable energy resources exist over wide geographical areas, in contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a limited number of countries. Rapid deployment of renewable energy and energy efficiency is resulting in significant energy security, climate change mitigation, and economic benefits.[4] In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power.[5] At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20 percent of energy supply. National renewable energy markets are projected to continue to grow strongly in the coming decade and beyond.[6]
While many renewable energy projects are large-scale, renewable technologies are also suited to rural and remote areas, where energy is often crucial in human development.[7] Globally, an estimated 3 million households get power from small solar PV systems. Micro-hydro systems configured into village-scale or county-scale mini-grids serve many areas.[8] More than 30 million rural households get lighting and cooking from biogas made in household-scale digesters. Biomass cookstoves are used by 160 million households.[8]
Rationale for renewables
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Climate change, pollution, and energy insecurity are significant problems and addressing them requires major changes to energy supply and use.[10][11] Renewable energy technologies are essential contributors to the energy supply portfolio, as they contribute to world energy security, reduce dependency on fossil fuels, and help to reduce greenhouse gases.[2] Climate-disrupting fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy: In global public opinion surveys there is strong support for promoting renewable sources such as solar power and wind power, requiring utilities to use more renewable energy, and providing tax incentives to encourage the development and use of such technologies.[12]
EU member countries have ambitious renewable energy goals. In 2010, Eurobarometer polled the twenty-seven EU member states about the target "to increase the share of renewable energy in the EU by 20 percent by 2020". Most people in all twenty-seven countries either approved of the target or called for it to go further.[13]
As of 2011, new evidence has shown that there are large risks associated with traditional energy sources, and that major changes to the mix of energy technologies is needed. Several mining tragedies globally have underscored the human toll of the coal supply chain. New EPA initiatives targeting air toxics, coal ash, and effluent releases highlight the environmental impacts of coal and the cost of addressing them with control technologies. Events at the Fukushima nuclear plant have renewed doubts about the ability to operate many nuclear plants safely over the long term. Cost estimates for “next generation” nuclear units continue to climb, and lenders are unwilling to finance these plants without taxpayer guarantees.[14]
Related pages
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change- ↑ GWEC, Global Wind Report Annual Market Update
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 International Energy Agency (2007). Renewables in global energy supply: An IEA facts sheet Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine, OECD, 34 pages.
- ↑ REN21 (2014). "Renewables 2014: Global Status Report" (PDF). pp. 13, 17, 21, 25. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 14 November 2014.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ International Energy Agency (2012). "Energy Technology Perspectives 2012" (PDF).
- ↑ "Global Trends in Sustainable Energy Investment 2007: Analysis of Trends and Issues in the Financing of Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in OECD and Developing Countries" (PDF). United Nations Environment Programme. 2007. p. 3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2014. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
- ↑ REN21 (2013). "Renewables global futures report 2013" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)[permanent dead link] - ↑ World Energy Assessment (2001). Renewable energy technologies Archived 2007-06-09 at the Wayback Machine, p. 221.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 REN21 (2010). Renewables 2010 Global Status Report Archived 2010-08-20 at the Wayback Machine p. 12.
- ↑ Ipsos 2011, p. 3
- ↑ Jacobson, Mark Z.; Delucchi, Mark A. (March 2011). "Providing all global energy with wind, water, and solar power, Part I: Technologies, energy resources, quantities and areas of infrastructure, and materials". Energy Policy. 39 (3): 1154–1169. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.11.040.
- ↑ REN21 (2014). Renewables 2014 Global Status Report (PDF). ISBN 978-3-9815934-2-6.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Council on Foreign Relations (January 18, 2012). "Public Opinion on Global Issues: Chapter 5b: World Opinion on Energy Security". Archived from the original on May 17, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
- ↑ "Large Majorities in US and Europe Endorse Focus on Renewable Energy". World Public Opinion. January 18, 2012. Archived from the original on March 15, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
- ↑ Synapse Energy Economics (November 16, 2011). "Toward a Sustainable Future for the U.S. Power Sector: Beyond Business as Usual 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 17, 2016. Retrieved November 14, 2014.