Sonderkommando
Sonderkommandos were special work groups made up of prisoners in the Nazi extermination camps (death camps) during World War II. (In German, "Sonderkommando" means "special unit".) They worked in and around the gas chambers, which the Nazis used to murder many people.[1][2][3][4]
What did the Sonderkommando do?
changeThe Sonderkommandos did not kill anybody. When the Nazi guards at the death camps killed people in their gas chambers, they made the Sonderkommandos do a few different jobs:[3][4][5]
- Take prisoners into the gas chambers
- Take dead bodies out of the gas chambers after the Nazis had killed them
- Take things the Nazis wanted from the dead bodies. For example, they had to take out gold teeth and tooth fillings; cut off the women's hair; and take jewelry and eyeglasses
- Bury or burn the dead bodies
- Clean the gas chambers and get them ready for the next group of people the Nazis wanted to kill
Life as a Sonderkommando
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Usually, the Nazi camp guards chose people for the Sonderkommando groups right after those people got to the concentration camps. They almost always chose Jewish prisoners. These people were told they would be killed if they did not agree. They were not told what kind of work they would have to do. Sometimes, the new Sonderkommando would find the bodies of their own families in the gas chambers.[5][6] They were not allowed to change jobs or refuse to work. The only way they could stop working as Sonderkommando would be to kill themselves.[5]
Sometimes the groups of Sonderkommandos were very big. As the Nazis killed more and more people in the concentration camps, they wanted more Sonderkommandos. By 1943, at Birkenau concentration camp (also called "Auschwitz II"), the groups of Sonderkommando included 400 prisoners. But when many more Jews from Hungary were sent to the camp in 1944, the Nazis added 500 more Sonderkommando.[7]
The Nazis needed the Sonderkommandos to stay strong enough to work. Because of this, they were treated a little better than the other prisoners. They were allowed to sleep in their own barracks. They were also allowed to keep things like food, medicines, and cigarettes that had belonged to people who were killed in the gas chambers.[8] The Nazis allowed these things because they wanted to be able to kill people as quickly as possible in the gas chambers. Without the Sonderkommando to help with the dead bodies, the Nazis would not be able to use the gas chambers as much.[5]
Death
changeBecause they knew so much about how the Nazis were killing so many people, the Nazis thought of the Sonderkommando as Geheimnisträger — people who knew secrets. Because of this, they were kept apart from other prisoners in the camps.[9] The Nazis also did not want anyone outside the camps to know what they were doing. To make sure the Sonderkommando could never tell what they knew, the Nazis would regularly kill all of the Sonderkommando, usually about every 3 months.[9] Then they would choose a new group out of new prisoners just getting to the camps. The new group's first job would be to burn the bodies of the old Sonderkommandos.[8]
Sonderkommandos fight back
changeSome Sonderkommandos tried to revolt (fight back) against the Nazis. For example, in 1944, Sonderkommandos at Auschwitz partly destroyed one of the crematoria used for burning bodies.[6] For months, young Jewish women had secretly been taking small amounts of gunpowder from a weapons factory in the Auschwitz camp. They had been sneaking that gunpowder to men and women in the camp's resistance movement.[10] (The resistance movement was a group of prisoners at Auschwitz who decided to fight back against the Nazis, sometimes in secret ways.[6]) Using this gunpowder, the leaders of the Sonderkommando planned to blow up the gas chambers and crematoria, and start a rebellion against the camp's guards.[10]
However, before this plan was ready, people in the camp's resistance movement found out that the Nazi guards were going to murder the Sonderkommando on 7 October 1944. The resistance members warned the Sonderkommando, who attacked the guards with two machine guns, axes, knives and grenades. They killed a kapo and about 3 SS guards and hurt about 12 others.[11] A total of 451 Sonderkommandos were killed on this day. Some died fighting the camp's guards. Some did not, and were executed later that day by the Nazis.[9]
There were also revolts in two other concentration camps, called Treblinka and Sobibór. At Treblinka, on 2 August 1943, around 100 prisoners were able to escape from the camp.[12] At Sobibór, Sonderkommando in one part of the camp (Camp I) revolted on 14 October 1943.[13] The Sonderkommando in another part of the camp (Camp III) did not revolt, but were murdered the next day.[13]
Other Sonderkommandos fought back secretly. For example, at Auschwitz, in August 1944, members of theSonderkommando were able to take four pictures showing people being sent to the gas chambers and then the bodies being burned.[14] They snuck these pictures out of the camp as proof of what the Nazis were doing.[14]
Fewer than twenty out of several thousand members of the Sonderkommando are known to have survived and were able to testify to what happened.[15] After World War II, at some camps, people found notes that members of the Sonderkommando had buried or hidden, hoping that someone would find the notes later and know what happened.
Testimonies
changeBetween 1943 and 1944, some members of the Sonderkommando at Birkenau (Auschwitz II) were able to get pens and paper, and they wrote about the things they had seen at the camp. They buried the things they wrote near the crematoria. Their writings were found after the war ended.
For example, this note was found buried in the Auschwitz crematoria. It was written by Zalman Gradowski, a Sonderkommando who was killed in the revolt on 7 October 1944:
"Dear finder of these notes, I have one request of you ... that my days of Hell, that my hopeless tomorrow will find a purpose in the future. I am transmitting [writing about] only a part of what happened in the Birkenau-Auschwitz Hell. You will realize what reality looked like ... From all this you will have a picture of how our people perished [died]."[16]
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ Friedländer (2009). Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1933-1945, pp. 355-356.
- ↑ Shirer (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, p. 970.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Müller, Filip; Freitag, Helmut; Flatauer, Susanne (1999). Eyewitness Auschwitz: Three Years in the Gas Chambers. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-271-3.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Venezia, Shlomo; Venezia, Shlomo (2009). Inside the Gas Chambers: Eight Months in the Sonderkommando of Auschwitz. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ISBN 978-0-7456-4384-7.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Sofsky, Wolfgang (1996). The Order of Terror: The Concentration Camp. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691006857.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "The Sonderkommando Uprising in Auschwitz-Birkenau". The National WWII Museum | New Orleans. 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
- ↑ Wachsmann & Caplan, eds. (2010) Concentration Camps in Nazi Germany: The New Histories, p. 73.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Dr. Miklos Nyiszli (1993). Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. Arcade Publishing. ISBN 1-55970-202-8.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Greif (2005). We Wept Without Tears: Interviews with Jewish Survivors of the Auschwitz Sonderkommando
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Auschwitz Revolt (United States Holocaust Memorial Museum)". Ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 2013-01-27. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
- ↑ Rees, Laurence (2012). Auschwitz: The Nazis and the "Final Solution". Random House. p. 324.
- ↑ Chrostowski, Witold, Extermination Camp Treblinka, Vallentine Mitchell, Portland, OR, 2003, p. 94, ISBN 0-85303-457-5
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Jules Schelvis (2007). Sobibor. A History of a Nazi Death Camp. Berg, Oxford & New York. ISBN 978-1-84520-419-8.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Sonderkommando photographs taken in KL Auschwitz II-Birkenau, Summer 1944 [Negative nos. 277, 278, 282, 283: Burning of corpses in the open air; Women driven to gas chambers; Tree branches]". The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 2024-10-18.
- ↑ "Auschwitz - Sonderkommando". Hagalil.com. 2 May 2000. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
- ↑ Rutta, Matt Yad Vashem website, Rabbinic Rambling, 23 March 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2007.
