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I T A L O P H I L I A
(Revision as of 01:44, 6 April 2013, from En.Wikipedia):
Italophilia is the admiration, general appreciation or love of Italy, its culture, society, arts and people. It is often related to the emulation of Italy's ideals and civilization.
The term is used in two basic contexts: in international politics and in cultural context. "Italophilia", "Italophile", and "Italophilic" are the terms used to denote pro-Italian sentiments, usually in politics and literature. Its opposite is Italophobia.
Italophilia in history change
Ancient Italy is identified with Rome and the so-called "Romanophilia", but since the end of Middle Ages the Italian peninsula is admired because of the Rinascimento created there.
Renaissance change
Across Europe, various people and states admired the developments of the Renaissance in Italy and sought to replicate them. Francis I of France appointed many Italians to his appellate courts.[1] The powerful French noble family, the Guise were known to be Italophiles and held close family bloodline connections with Italian nobility and royalty.[2] Renaissance Poland was known to have strong Italophile influences.[3] Famous Italian sculptor Giammaria Mosca was commissioned repeatedly by Poland to create sculptures.[3] King of Poland Sigismund II Augustus requested Mosca in 1529 to construct his tomb, in 1574 the King died and was placed in the tomb made by Mosca.[4] King John II of Portugal imitated Italian princely style, attempted to pressure the aristocracy to act in Italian manners, and sought to attract Italian artists to the country.[5] The arts flourished in England under the Hanoverian dynasty and this attracted many Italian artists and musicians to Britain. All this developed in the United Kingdom a moderate Italophilia during late Italian Renaissance. The same William Shakespeare is said to show some italophilia in his many works related to Italy, like Romeo and Juliet and The Merchant of Venice: according to Canadian-Italian writer Lamberto Tassinari,[6] Shakespeare shared a "fascination" with Italy.
Age of Enlightenment and Grand Tour change
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Italy was an integral part of the European Grand Tour, a period in which learned and wealthy foreign, usually British, German or American, aristocrats visited the country due to its artistic, cultural and archaeological richness. Examples included Goethe, Keats, Lord Byron and Shelley. As a matter of fact, most nobles and royals at the time visited Italy as a part of their education. Keats said that the country was a "paradise of exiles".[7] In the same centuries, the development of Italian music created many italophiles in western Europe. Indeed Italian innovation in musical scales, harmony, notation, and theatre enabled the development of Opera in the late 16th century, and much of modern European classical music, such as the Symphony and Concerto. The most renowned figure of late 18th century opera was the italophile Mozart, who began with "opera seria" but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, as well as The Magic Flute, a landmark in the German tradition.
New Imperialist era change
The Victorian era in Great Britain saw Italophilic tendencies. Britain supported its own version of the imperial Pax Romana ("Roman Peace"), called Pax Britannica. John Ruskin was a Victorian Italophile who respected the concepts of morality held in Italy.[8] Germany under Chancellor Otto von Bismarck copied Pax Britannica and Pax Romana and sought to create Pax Germanica in Europe.
Fascist era change
Adolf Hitler was an avid admirer of Benito Mussolini and Italian Fascism.[9] During the Fascist era, several leaders in Europe, including Hitler (Germany), Franco (Spain) and Salazar (Portugal), modeled their government and economic system on Italian Fascism.[10] The admiration and imitation of Italian Fascism also became popular in South America and to a lesser extent Asia. The parties and organizations associated with these leaders also adopted the Roman salute. Perón's admiration for Mussolini is well documented.[11] Many scholars categorize Peronism in Argentina as a fascist ideology.[12] Carlos Fayt believes that Peronism was just "an Argentine implementation of Italian fascism".[12] Hayes reaches the conclusion that "the Peronist movement produced a form of fascism that was distinctively Latin American".[12]
Contemporary years change
After WWII, Italy has enjoyed a huge economic development and is currently admired for many reasons. Between the most famous are the Ferrari cars and the Italian design. There are millions of Ferrari fans in the world.
The Italian fashion is admired all around the world: brands like Gucci and Benetton are imitated by many designers from China to Latin America. Indeed, many Italophiles in the world buy from major Italian fashion houses like Armani, Valentino, Prada, Dolce & Gabbana, Ferragamo, Trussardi, Versace and Fendi.[13] A strong symbol of italophilia in the world is the appreciation for the Italian cuisine. The neapolitan pizza is ranked as the most universal food in contemporary western society: in New York (USA) and São Paulo (Brazil) one million pizzas are consumed every day.[14]
One of the best indicators of Italophilia can be found in the 44 millions of tourists who visit Italy every year. Many of them come to Italy because the country is home to 47 UNESCO World Heritage Sites,[15] more than any other country in the world. In the American countries that saw a huge Italian emigration in the last century there is a widespread italophilia: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Canada and the USA have millions of Italian descendants who promote in their society the love and appreciation for Italy. Giorgio Silvestri (director of the "Assemblea legislativa della Liguria") has calculated that there are nearly 250 million italophiles in the world.[16]
References change
Jump up ^ Monter, E. William. Judging the French Reformation: heresy trials by sixteenth-century parlements. Harvard University Press, 1999. Pp. 9. Jump up ^ Wistreich, Richard. Warrior, courtier, singer: Giulio Cesare Brancaccio and the performance of identity in the late Renaissance. Hampshire, England, UK; Burlington, Vermont, USA: Ashgate Publishing Limited; Ashgate Publishing Company, 2007. Pp. 53. ^ Jump up to: a b Schultz, Anne Markham; Mosca, Giammaria. Giammaria Mosca Called Padovano: A Renaissance Sculptor in Italy and Poland. Pp. 8 Jump up ^ Schultz, Anne Markham; Mosca, Giammaria. Giammaria Mosca Called Padovano: A Renaissance Sculptor in Italy and Poland. Pp. 1 Jump up ^ Jack, Malcom. Lisbon, city of the sea: a history. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: I.B. Taurus & Co. Ltd; Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pp. 42. Jump up ^ Book of Tassinari about Shakespeare Jump up ^ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=9332&st=&st1= Jump up ^ Wilson, A. N. The Victorians. New York, New York, USA: W. W. Norton & Company, Ltd, 2003. Pp. 86. Jump up ^ Fulda, Bernhard. Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic. Oxford University Press, 2009. p. 65. Jump up ^ Carlsten, F.L. The Rise of Fascism. 2nd ed. University of California Press, 1982. p. 80. Jump up ^ Eatwell, Roger (1999). Contemporary Political Ideologies. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 196. ISBN 978-0-8264-5173-6. ^ Jump up to: a b c Peronism and Argentina By James P. Brennan Jump up ^ Index of Italian Fashion Houses Jump up ^ Sao Paulo é a segunda cidade em que mais se come pizza no mundo (in Portuguese) Jump up ^ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe#Italy Jump up ^ Italophilia in the world
Bibliography change
Barzini, Luigi. The Italians. Hamilton. London, 1987 Sells, Lytton. The Italian influence in English Poetry Allen &Unwin ed. London, 1955