Wikipedia

User:Mr. Ibrahem/Mucormycosis

< User:Mr. Ibrahem
Mucormycosis
Other namesZygomycosis[1] black fungus[2][3]
File:Rhinocerebral mucormycosis.png
Mucormycosis: tissue destruction of sinus and skin near nose (most common type)
Medical specialtyInfectious disease
SymptomsDepends on location: runny nose, black area of skin, facial swelling, headache, fever, cough, blurred vision[4][5]
ComplicationsBlindness, thrombosis[6]
Usual onsetRapid[7]
DurationAround a week[7]
TypesSinuses and brain, lung, stomach and intestine, skin, disseminated, miscellaneous[8]
CausesFungi of the Mucorales type[8]
Risk factorsDiabetes, iron overload, low white cells, cancer, organ transplant, kidney problems, immunosuppressants, long-term steroids[6]
Diagnostic methodBiopsy, culture, medical imaging[4]
Differential diagnosisOrbital cellulitis, cavernous sinus thrombosis, aspergillosis[9]
PreventionFace masks, avoiding contact with soil or water-damaged buildings, good diabetic control[6][10]
TreatmentAntifungal medication, surgical debridement, control sugars[6]
MedicationAmphotericin B, isavuconazole, posaconazole[8]
PrognosisPoor[9]
FrequencyRare,[8] more common in India (2020)[11]

Mucormycosis is a serious fungal infection, generally in people with less ability to fight infection.[1] Symptoms depend on the part of the body infected.[12][13] It most commonly infects the sinuses and brain resulting in a runny nose, one sided facial swelling and pain, headache, fever, and tissue death.[4][5] Other forms of disease may infect the lungs, stomach and intestines, and skin.[5]

It is generally spread by breathing in, eating food contaminated by, or getting spores of molds of the Mucorales type in an open wound.[14] These fungi are frequently present in soil, decomposing organic matter such as rotting fruit and vegetables, and animal manure, but do not usually affect people.[15] It is not transmitted between people.[13] Risk factors include diabetes with persistently high sugars or diabetic ketoacidosis, low white cells, cancer, organ transplant, iron overload, kidney problems, long-term steroids or immunosuppressant use, and to a lesser extent in HIV/AIDS.[6][9]

Diagnosis is by biopsy and culture, with medical imaging to help determine the extent of disease.[4] It may appear similar to aspergillosis.[16] Treatment is generally with amphotericin B and surgical debridement.[8] Preventive measures include wearing a face mask in dusty areas, avoiding contact with water-damaged buildings, and protecting the skin from exposure to soil such as when gardening or certain outdoor work.[10] It tends to progress rapidly and is fatal in about half of sinus cases and almost all cases of the widespread type.[17][18]

Mucormycosis is rare, but probably underreported.[1] It affects fewer than 2 people per million people each year in San Francisco.[8] However, it is around 80 times more common in India.[19] People of any age may be affected, including premature infants.[8] The first case of mucormycosis was possibly one described by Friedrich Küchenmeister in 1855.[7] The disease has been reported in natural disasters; 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the 2011 Missouri tornado.[20] During the COVID-19 pandemic 2020/21, an association between mucormycosis and COVID-19 has been reported following treatment and recovery from COVID-19.[3][21] A rise in cases was particularly noted in India.[11]

References

change
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kontoyiannis, Dimitrios P. (2020). "320. Mucormycosis". In Goldman, Lee; Schafer, Andrew I. (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 2 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 2056-2058. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1. Archived from the original on May 2, 2023. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
  2. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Dyer2021 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Quarterly Current Affairs Vol. 4 - October to December 2020 for Competitive Exams. Vol. 4. Disha Publications. 2020. p. 173. ISBN 978-93-90486-29-8. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Grossman, Marc E.; Fox, Lindy P.; Kovarik, Carrie; Rosenbach, Misha (2012). "1. Subcutaneous and deep mycoses: Zygomucosis/Mucormycosis". Cutaneous Manifestations of Infection in the Immunocompromised Host (2nd ed.). Springer. pp. 51–58. ISBN 978-1-4419-1577-1. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Symptoms of Mucormycosis". www.cdc.gov. 14 January 2021. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Spellberg B, Edwards J, Ibrahim A (2005). "Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 18 (3): 556–69. doi:10.1128/CMR.18.3.556-569.2005. PMC 1195964. PMID 16020690.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Chander, Jagdish (2018). "26. Mucormycosis". Textbook of Medical Mycology (4th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Ltd. pp. 534–596. ISBN 978-93-86261-83-0. Archived from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2021.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 "Mucormycosis". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Hernández, Jorge L.; Buckley, Clifford J. (25 July 2021). "Mucormycosis". StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing. PMID 31335084. Archived from the original on January 13, 2022. Retrieved May 4, 2022.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "People at Risk For Mucormycosis and prevention". www.cdc.gov. 2 February 2021. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Singh, Awadhesh Kumar; Singh, Ritu; Joshi, Shashank R.; Misra, Anoop (21 May 2021). "Mucormycosis in COVID-19: A systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India". Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.019. ISSN 1871-4021. Archived from the original on June 10, 2021. Retrieved June 9, 2021.
  12. ↑ "ICD-11 - ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics". icd.who.int. Archived from the original on August 1, 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "About Mucormycosis". www.cdc.gov. 25 May 2021. Archived from the original on May 14, 2021. Retrieved May 12, 2021.
  14. ↑ Reid, Gail; Lynch, Joseph P.; Fishbein, Michael C.; Clark, Nina M. (February 2020). "Mucormycosis". Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 41 (1): 99–114. doi:10.1055/s-0039-3401992. ISSN 1098-9048. PMID 32000287. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
  15. ↑ "Where Mucormycosis Comes From". www.cdc.gov. 1 February 2021. Archived from the original on May 15, 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  16. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Thornton2020 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  17. ↑ "Orphanet: Zygomycosis". www.orpha.net. Archived from the original on 13 May 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  18. ↑ "Mucormycosis Statistics | Mucormycosis | Fungal Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 5 May 2020. Archived from the original on May 21, 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  19. ↑ Skiada, Anna; Pavleas, Ioannis; Drogari-Apiranthitou, Maria (2 November 2020). "Epidemiology and Diagnosis of Mucormycosis: An Update". Journal of Fungi. 6 (4). doi:10.3390/jof6040265. ISSN 2309-608X. PMC 7711598. PMID 33147877.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  20. ↑ Dannaoui, Eric; Lackner, Michaela (March 2020). "Special Issue: Mucorales and Mucormycosis". Journal of Fungi. 6 (1): 6. doi:10.3390/jof6010006. PMC 7151165. Archived from the original on May 22, 2021. Retrieved May 18, 2021.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  21. ↑ Cite error: The named reference Garg2021 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
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