Wikipedia

Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania

not-for-profit organization headquartered in Warwick, New York

The Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania is the main legal body used around the world by Jehovah's Witnesses to organize the religion and also to decide on its official list of beliefs. Members of Jehovah's Witnesses usually call it just as "the Society". Its headquarters are in Brooklyn, New York in the United States and its rules allow only between 300 and 500 members. All of them must be "mature, active and faithful" male Jehovah's Witnesses.[1]

A preacher, Charles Taze Russell, started the organization in 1881[2] as Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society, so he could share religious pamphlets with people. In 1896, its name was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.[3] When Russell died in 1916, a fight started between some of the society's directors and the man who took his place, Joseph Franklin Rutherford. The fight became very bitter and many of the people who had followed Russell, who were called International Bible Students, left and started other religious groups. But Rutherford stayed as president of the society and in 1931 the Bible Student groups around the world changed their name to Jehovah's witnesses. In 1955, the corporation changed its name again to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.[4] From 1976, the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses began to control all the decisions and the work of the Watch Tower Society.[5]

History

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Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society was started in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on February 16, 1881 to organize the printing and sharing of pamphlets written about God and the Bible. William Henry Conley, a Pittsburgh businessman, was its first president and Russell was its secretary-treasurer.[6] Its main publication was Zion's Watch Tower and Herald of Christ's Presence, a Bible-based magazine first published in 1879 by Russell.[7] On December 15, 1884, the society became officially registered and Russell was listed as its president. Russell wrote its charter, or statement of its purpose, and explained that it was for "the mental, moral and religious improvement of men and women, by teaching the Bible by means of the publication and distribution of Bibles, books, papers, pamphlets and other Bible literature, and by providing oral lectures free for the people".[8]

Anyone who gave $10 or more to the society was told they were a member of the society and could vote at its meetings,[9] but Russell explained that all the decisions about what the society did would still be made by only two people—him and his wife Maria, who owned most of the shares.[10] In his magazine, Russell explained that the Watch Tower Society was not a "religious society",[11] but just a business organization with no set of official beliefs.[9]

 
Charles Taze Russell

In 1900 the society opened its first overseas branch office in Britain.[12] Another one opened in Germany in 1903[13] and then in Australia in 1904.[14] In 1909 the society bought some property in Brooklyn and then moved its headquarters and staff there.

After Russell died in 1916, the Watch Tower Society's lawyer, Joseph Franklin Rutherford, was elected as its next president. But within a few months most of the seven board of directors complained that he was behaving like a dictator and not sharing information.[15][16] A major fight broke out, and Rutherford told the four directors who criticised him that they were no longer on the board. In June 1917, the society published a book called The Finished Mystery and said it was the last of a series of Bible study books by Russell. The book made some very strong statements about the leaders of Catholic and Protestant churches and said they were wrong for taking part in the Great War.[17] As a result, the Watch Tower Society's president and directors were jailed as traitors under the 1917 Espionage Act, although they were allowed to leave jail and the government dropped the charges.[18]

Each congregation of Bible Students in the world had made its own decisions, although they all studied Russell's books and followed his teachings. But Rutherford decided they should all have exactly the same set of beliefs and run their congregations the same way. He told them they had to obey what the Watch Tower Society's New York headquarters told them. A director was put into each congregation, and a year later all members were told to write out a report each week of what public preaching they had done.[19] At an international meeting held at Cedar Point, Ohio, in September 1922, Rutherford began teaching that the Bible Students' most important job was to teach people about the Bible by visiting them at their homes.[20] Watch Tower Society books began using the name "Jehovah" much more often when writing about God, and in 1931 Rutherford decided the religion would be called Jehovah's witnesses.[21]

When Rutherford died in 1942, Nathan H. Knorr became the new president. Two years later he changed the words in the charter, or society's rules, to say that its main purposes were to preach about God's kingdom to people in all countries, and print and share Bibles and other books and magazines that would help them learn about that. The rules about who could be a member of the society were also changed, making it open only to a maximum of 500 men who would be chosen by the leaders of the society. Knorr died in 1977 and since then the presidents have been Frederick W. Franz, Milton G. Henschel and Don A. Adams.

What it does

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The Watch Tower Society is a major publisher of religious books, magazines and Bibles. By 1979, it had 39 printing branches worldwide. In 1990 it was reported that in one year the society printed 696 million copies of its magazines, The Watchtower and Awake! as well as another 35,811,000 pieces of literature worldwide, which are offered door-to-door by Jehovah's Witnesses.[22] In 2012, the Society said it prints more than 41 million copies of each magazine each month.

The society has about 20,000 workers at its New York headquarters and branch offices around the world, and says its staff are volunteers rather than employees.[23][24][25] Workers receive a small monthly wage[26] with meals and accommodation provided by the society. The "Bethel family" in the Brooklyn headquarters includes hairdressers, dentists, doctors, housekeepers and carpenters, as well as shops for repairing personal appliances, watches, shoes and clothing without charge for labor.[27]

The society does not give any financial figures to the public, but it said in 2011 that it had spent more than $173 million that year to care for full-time preachers and traveling overseers.[24][28] Most of its money comes from donations given by people when they take magazines, and most of that is used on its preaching work.[29]

Presidents

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Name Date of birth Date of death Started Ended
William Henry Conley June 11, 1840 July 25, 1897 February 16, 1881 December, 1884
Incorporated
Charles Taze Russell February 16, 1852 October 31, 1916 December 15, 1884 October 31, 1916
Joseph Franklin Rutherford November 8, 1869 January 8, 1942 January 6, 1917 January 8, 1942
Nathan Homer Knorr April 23, 1905 June 8, 1977 January 13, 1942 June 8, 1977
Frederick William Franz September 12, 1893 December 22, 1992 June 22, 1977 December 22, 1992
Milton George Henschel August 9, 1920 March 22, 2003 December 30, 1992 October 7, 2000
Don Alden Adams 1925 – October 7, 2000 2014
Robert Ciranko ? – 2014 present

References

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  1. ↑ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. p. 229.
  2. ↑ "Pennsylvania Department of State". Archived from the original on 2012-05-26. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
  3. ↑ "Report for Fiscal Year", Watch Tower, December 1, 1896, page 301, Reprints page 2077 Retrieved 2010-03-30 Archived 2012-02-15 at the Wayback Machine, "WATCH TOWER BIBLE AND TRACT SOCIETY. REPORT FOR FISCAL YEAR ENDING DEC. 1, 1896. ALTHOUGH the above has been the recognized name of our Society for some four years, it was not until this year that the Board of Directors took the proper steps to have the name legally changed from ZION'S WATCH TOWER TRACT SOCIETY to that above. The new name seems to be in every way preferable."
  4. ↑ "Development of the Organization Structure", Jehovah's Witnesses – Proclaimers of God's Kingdom, 1993 Watch Tower, page 229, "Zion’s Watch Tower Tract Society. First formed in 1881 and then legally incorporated in the state of Pennsylvania on December 15, 1884. In 1896 its name was changed to Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society. Since 1955 it has been known as Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania."
  5. ↑ Franz, Raymond (2007). In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. pp. 80–107. ISBN 978-0914675167.
  6. ↑ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. p. 575-576.
  7. ↑ Zion's Watch Tower: 1. July 1879. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ↑ J.F. Rutherford, A Great Battle in the Ecclesiastical Heavens, Archived 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Machine 1915, p. 14.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 C.T. Russell, "A Conspiracy Exposed", Zion's Watch Tower Extra edition, April 25, 1894, page 55-60.
  10. ↑ C.T. Russell, "A Conspiracy Exposed", Zion's Watch Tower Extra edition, April 25, 1894, page 55-60, "The affairs of the Society are so arranged that its entire control rests in the care of Brother and Sister Russell as long as they shall live. ... The fact is that, by the grace of God, Sister R. and myself have been enabled not only to give our own time without charge to the service of the truth, in writing and overseeing, but also to contribute more money to the Tract Society's fund for the scattering of the good tidings, than all others combined."
  11. ↑ "Zion's Watch Tower, October 1894, page 330". Archived from the original on 2012-02-09. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
  12. ↑ "Bible Truth Triumphs Amid Tradition", The Watchtower, May 15, 1985, page 27.
  13. ↑ “Your Will Be Done on Earth”, The Watchtower, 1960, page 30.
  14. ↑ Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society (1959). Jehovah's Witnesses in the Divine Purpose. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. p. 33.
  15. ↑ Penton, M.J. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed. University of Toronto Press. pp. 53. ISBN 0802079733.
  16. ↑ A.N. Pierson et al., Light After Darkness, 1917, page 4.
  17. ↑ "The Revelation". The Finished Mystery. pp. 247–253. Archived from the original on 2012-03-16. Retrieved 2012-03-05.
  18. ↑ Rogerson, Alan (1969). Millions Now Living Will Never Die: A Study of Jehovah's Witnesses. Constable & Co, London. p. 44. ISBN 0-09-455940-6.
  19. ↑ Franz, Raymond (2007). "Chapter 4". In Search of Christian Freedom. Commentary Press. ISBN 978-0914675167.
  20. ↑ Jehovah's Witnesses—Proclaimers of God's Kingdom. Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. 1993. pp. 72–77.
  21. ↑ Watch Tower Society books and magazines did not begin using a capital "W" in "witnesses" until 1976.
  22. ↑ Brooklyn Heights Press, March 15, 1990, page 1, as cited by Edmond C. Gruss, The Four Presidents of the Watch Tower Society, 2003, pages 72–73.
  23. ↑ "Jehovahs loses comp case: Church may be forced to pay millions", New York Daily News, January 6, 2006. Archived May 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society, 2009.
  25. ↑ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2012, page 55.
  26. ↑ A 1990 news report stated that Brooklyn workers received $80 per month to buy personal needs. See "A sect grows in Brooklyn", Philadelphia Inquirer, August 2, 1990.
  27. ↑ "A sect grows in Brooklyn", Philadelphia Inquirer, August 2, 1990.
  28. ↑ Yearbook, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society, 2012, page 55.
  29. ↑ Penton, James M. (1997). Apocalypse Delayed: The Story of Jehovah's Witnesses (2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 231. ISBN 0802079733.
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