Wikipedia:Advanced footnote formatting

The topic of advanced footnote formatting^[essay] covers techniques for coding remote footnotes of pronunciations or examples, plus indentation and line-splitting. Many articles could use remote footnotes, such as explaining various ways some words are pronounced:

The term "time dilation"^[pron.] refers to a slowing of elapsed duration.

Notes
   [pron.] – The word dilation is said as "dy-LAY-shun" and is the preferred term.

The superscript "pron." can be coded by just a half-line of text: ^{[<nowiki/>[[#Notes|pron.]]]}. The full, detailed content of that footnote text is not at the top of the article but, instead, is coded in the section named "Notes". See below: Remote footnotes & Footnotes within footnotes.

Also, indentation and line-splitting can be used, such as for long URL webpage names, when coding footnotes in an article. For example:

   In [[digital imaging]], a pixel<ref>
      Rudolf F. Graf, ''Modern Dictionary of Electronics'',
      1999, Newnes, Oxford, page 569, ISBN 0-7506-43315,
      Google Books (''see below:'' References).</ref>
   (or picture element) is the smallest part of an image.

In the above example, each part of the ref-tag footnote is indented (3 spaces) from the left margin. Due to a Wikipedia quirk, the first footnote on a page might have trouble being indented, because it could be treated as a quotebox.

There are many ways for listing footnotes (or endnotes) in a Wikipedia article. There are also many predefined footnote templates, but with limitations, so (as of September 2010), footnotes also can be hand-formatted to best fit within each article.

Remote footnotes

Many terms could use a remote footnote, such as for explaining pronunciations or showing some detailed examples:

The term "time dilation"^[pron.] refers to a slowing of elapsed duration.

Notes
   [pron.] – Dilation is pronounced "dy-LAY-shun".

Note that in the pronunciation footnote, the word "time" is considered obvious, and the syllables for "dy-LAY-shun" are shown with capital letters for emphasis, but there is also ample space to show the IPA-format as well.

The note's superscript "pron." can be coded by just a half-line: ^{[<nowiki/>[[#Notes|pron.]]]}. The full, detailed content of that footnote text is not at the top of the article but, instead, is coded within the section named "Notes", thus shifting all that text into the Notes section, and deferring details away from the main text of an article. The Notes section could be coded as:

==Notes==
<div style="font-size:89%">
: <small>[pron.]</small> - ''Dilation'' is pronounced "dy-LAY-shun".
<references/><!--Show numbered footnotes from <ref> tags. -->
</div>

Since the actual footnote text (of a remote footnote) is written at the bottom of an article, there is ample space to also compare formal versus local pronunciations of town names, without cluttering an article's top text.

Notice how several footnotes can all be linked to the section title "Notes" because that link goes to the entire Notes section. Each remote footnote can link "Notes" as in: [[#Notes|a]] or [[#Notes|b]] or [[#Notes|example]], displaying:  ^{[a] [b] [example]}. The full coding of the 3 superscripts could be as:

^{[<nowiki/>[[#Notes|a]]] [<nowiki/>[[#Notes|b]]] [<nowiki/>[[#Notes|example]]]}

Perhaps 20 remote footnotes could be coded in a similar manner, all linked to the section title named "Notes". For logical placement, the remote footnotes should be defined above the "<references/>" tag which displays the other, numbered ref-tag footnotes.

Although there are other methods to link named-footnotes, the use of the remote footnotes is a very simple method to allow dozens of special footnotes, without depending on complex wiki-features which might change next week. In this case, the term "advanced footnotes" also means: sophisticated enough to still work when Wikipedia is changed (as typically happens every month). Also, the coding of remote footnotes is likely to work on any other wiki website, as well.

Footnotes within footnotes

Remote footnotes can contain other remote footnotes, or include ref-tag footnotes. Also, any ref-tag footnote ("<ref>...</ref>") can contain a remote-footnote link, circumventing the 10-year problem where a ref-tag footnote cannot contain another ref-tag footnote.

An example (of footnotes within footnotes) would be:

The term "time dilation"^[pron.] refers to a slowing of elapsed duration.

Notes
   [pron.] – The word dilation is pronounced "dy-LAY-shun" ^[a] and is the preferred term.^[b]
   [a] – Merriam-Webster Dictionary lists "dilation" with pronunciation: \dī-'lā-shən\.^[c]
   [b] – The term "time dilation" has been used since 1934 but is sometimes called "time dilatation".^[d]
   [c] – Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, 2009, webpage: MW-dilation.
   [d] – Merriam-Webster Online Dict., 2009, webpage: MW-time+dilation.

Nested footnotes can be used to address several common issues that would tend to clutter the top-text of an article:

• Dates differ: some sources give one date while others give another date, and a remote footnote could explain the reasons.
• The fact is not so simple: September 11th is the 12th in some specific later time zone, and could be noted.
• Opinions differ: perhaps explain how the Hatfields and McCoys stated different views of events.
• A pronunciation differs with local residents or slang, such as NOLA as "Nawlins" or "New Orluns" or "New Orleens" (etc.), so a foonote could list them, plus link further footnote sources for each.

There is no limit to the nesting of remote footnotes within other footnotes.

Indenting and line-splitting

A very long footnote can be indented and line-split, as in the following example that uses Template:Cite_book, showing a long URL for a webpage from Google Books:

  In [[digital imaging]], a '''pixel'''<ref>{{Cite book
     | author=Rudolf F. Graf | date=1999 | publisher=Newnes
     | title=Modern Dictionary of Electronics | location=Oxford
     | isbn=0-7506-43315 | page=page 569
     | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=o2I1JWPpdusC&<!--
     -->pg=PA569&dq=pixel+intitle:%22Modern+Dictionary<!--
     -->+of+Electronics%22+inauthor:graf&<!--
     -->lr=&as_brr=0&ei=5ygASM3qHoSgiwH45-GIDA&<!--
     -->sig=7tg-LuGdu6Njypaawi2bbkeq8pw}}</ref>
  (or picture element) is the smallest part of an image.

Note the above line-splitting of the 5-line URL (for the webpage in Google Books) uses the HTML comment tokens "<!--" and "-->". Each part of the footnote coding is placed on a separate line, thereby allowing each part to be indented from the lefthand side. There must be no spaces added to the URL (which is a single string of characters where spaces are coded "%20"). Do not add spaces before "<!--" or after "-->" within the URL. However, when splitting an italicized phrase or long wikilink ("[[xx xx xx]]"), consider putting a space after "-->" on the 2nd line.

Similar indentation has been used for many decades, as in computer programming, to visually separate sections of text. The indented lines typically reflect a lower-level of details (or lower-level of "abstraction" ) than the level of the outer lines. Indenting the footnote coding can help clarify sections of text that contain several footnotes, as is typical in large articles.

For over 4 years, Wikipedia has used similar line-splitting of infobox coding, putting infobox template parameters on separate lines. Decades of usage has shown that leading vertical-bars ("|") are less error-prone than trailing vertical-bars placed at the end of a line. Because leading bars can be aligned down a column, they are more easily proofread than ending bars, which tend to zig-zag along a ragged right margin.

Line splitting first footnote of page

Because of a Wikipedia formatting quirk, the first footnote on a page might be treated as a quotebox when indented (as during May 2009). However, the indentation can be simulated, by line-splitting with HTML comments, between all lines within <ref>....</ref>:

   In [[digital imaging]], a pixel<ref><!--
    -->Rudolf F. Graf, ''Modern Dictionary of Electronics'',<!--
    -->1999, Newnes, Oxford, page 569, ISBN 0-7506-43315,<!--
    -->Google Books (''see below:'' References).</ref>
   (or picture element) is the smallest part of an image.

The above line-splitting of the entire footnote text, into 3 lines, allows it to be coded as the first footnote of a page. Note that the first footnote might be in an infobox, appearing at the top of a page.

Page numbers

Although the issue of citing page numbers might not seem very advanced, many Wikipedia footnotes to books or journals have omitted the page numbers. Without specific page numbers, the verification of text can be extremely tedious for large books or magazines, like finding a needle in a haystack. In footnote templates, there is often confusion between the parameters "page=15" and "pages=750":

• page=15   or   pages=79–81   – the specific page(s) in the book/journal/etc.
• page=page 15   – show "page 15" in the footnote.
• pages=750   – the total pages (often displayed as "pp. 750").

The exact usage of parameters can vary from template to template. Some URLs reveal a page-number parameter (such as "pg"). For example, in weblinks to Google Books, the parameter "pg=PA569" indicates "page 569" will be linked from that book.

Deferring details

Another major technique for clarifying text, containing many footnotes, is to defer the footnote details to later parts of the article, such as using named ref-tags and putting "see: Other websites " for URLs. For example, listing 3 footnotes:

   In digital imaging, a pixel<ref name=MD/><ref name=AD/><ref name=DE/>
   (or picture element) is the smallest part of an image. The word
   "pixel" has been in use since before 1964.<ref name="MD">
      Rudolf F. Graf, ''Modern Dictionary of Electronics'',
      1999, page 569 (''see below:'' Other websites).
   </ref><ref name="AD">
      John Q. Public, ''Another Tech Dictionary'',
      2009, page 476-477 (''see below:'' Other websites).
   </ref><ref name="DE">
      Disco Dave Citizen, ''Disco Electronics Dictionary'',
      1978, page 340 (''see below:'' Other websites).</ref>

In the above example, the 3 footnotes are reduced to just short ref-name tags at first, then later expanded to show more details. However, they defer the extreme details for publisher, ISBN, and webpage-URL links to be contained as entries under "Other websites". Using that advanced method, no publisher names, ISBN numbers or long URL names appear in the upper article text for those 3 footnotes.

Each full footnote is coded within 3 lines of text, even though indented and pinpointing the page numbers. The tedious details are all deferred into the section "Other websites" (or "References") at the bottom of the article. That separation is possible by repeating the author name and title in each entry when listed in the bottom sections. So, full footnotes can become a 3-line indentation, rather than the typical 6 or 9-line blobs that clutter many articles.

Beware linking websites that violate copyrights

20-Nov-2009: In accordance with Wikipedia policy "WP:LINKVIO", an article should not have links to websites that post content violating any copyrights, such as listing song lyrics without proper notice. However, there is a legal source for song lyrics, LyricsTime.com, which (for 2 years) has had no slow, pop-up adverts, but might not have some particular songs. See example:

• http://www.lyricstime.com/michael-jackson-billie-jean-lyrics.html

That webpage, for the Michael Jackson song "Billie Jean", has a bottom disclaimer:

"DISCLAIMER: You must agree to the following statement or leave this website. All Michael Jackson - Billie Jean lyrics, artist names and images are copyrighted to their respective owners. All Michael Jackson - Billie Jean song lyrics are restricted for educational and personal use only." [bold type from original]

That disclaimer seems to sufficiently cover the copyright concerns, and plus having no sluggish pop-up ads (for over 2 years), it should be considered an acceptable, linkable source for text that describes or analyzes song lyrics.

Recap of multi-level footnotes

As explained above, footnotes can be structured as either indented text, or remote footnotes (with contents under "Notes"), or simple deferred references (such as "<ref name=MD/>"). There is no longer any logical reason to have article text cluttered with large blobs of footnotes that clog sentences. Beyond the clarified structure, the use of remote footnotes also allows "footnotes within footnotes" (above) to, step by step, explain detailed reasoning within footnotes that can defer to still other footnotes for sub-reasons, or for further sources about each point presented.

Advancement shock

Even though the basic ideas of advanced footnote-formatting are simple, there are many people who will fight against indenting the footnote coding (yet readily accept infoboxes with indented parameters coded down the page). There are also other people who might insist that the first footnote reference be a typical 9-line blob with full URL details, cluttering the text. They will reject a top footnote such as "<ref name=MD/>" which defers details to be defined in a subsequent use of the same-named footnote.

It might be possible to get those people to read and study this essay, but if not, don't try to fight people with severe mindsets. Just move on to one of the other thousands of Wikipedia articles that need footnote clarification.

Related pages

• Template:Cite_book - template for citing from a book.
• Template:Cite_news - template for citing from a news article.
• Template:Cite_web - template for citing from webpages.
• WP:Guide to layout for article format.
• abstraction – the concept of removing, or hiding, details.

WP:Advanced article editing WP:Advanced table formatting WP:Advanced text formatting WP:Authors of Wikipedia

WP:Avoiding difficult users WP:Thinking outside the infobox Harvard referencing indent

Notes

[essay] – Again, this page is an essay and not an official Wikipedia policy.

[pron.] – The word dilation is pronounced "DY-lay-shun" and is the preferred term.