Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Typhoid fever
Overview change
Typhoid fever, is a bacterial illness, caused via Salmonella typhi.[1]
Epidemiology change
The disease, is most common in India.[1]
Epidemiology - Demographic change
Children, are most commonly affected.[1][2]
Onset of illness change
Symptoms typically begin, six to thirty days, after exposure to food or water, contaminated with the feces of an infected person.[2]
Symptoms change
Usually, there is a gradual onset of a high fever over several days;[3] weakness, abdominal pain, constipation, headaches, and mild vomiting.[4][5]
Symptoms 2 change
Some people, will develop a skin rash, with rose colored spots.[4]
Severe Cases and Carriers change
In severe cases, there may be confusion.[5]
Causes change
The cause, is the bacterium Salmonella Typhi, that grows in the intestines, and blood.[4][5]
Spread change
Typhoid, is spread by eating or drinking food, or water, contaminated with the feces of an infected person.
Risk Factor change
Risk factors include, poor sanitation, and poor hygiene.[1]
Risk Factor 2 change
Those who travel in the developing world, are also at risk.[5]
Diagnosis change
Because, symptoms are similar to those of many other infectious diseases,[5] diagnosis requires, either culturing the bacteria, or detecting the bacterium's DNA in the blood, stool, or bone marrow.[4][1][6]
Bone Marrow Testing change
Culturing the bacterium can be difficult, so [7] bone marrow testing, is the most accurate.[6]
Prevention change
Typhoid vaccines, have been shown to prevent 40 to 90% of cases, during the first two years,[8] and may have some effect for up to seven years.[1]
Other Efforts change
Other efforts to prevent the disease include, providing clean drinking water, good sanitation, and handwashing.[4][2]
Infected Persons Quarantine change
Until it has been confirmed that an individual's infection is cleared, the individual, should not prepare food for others.[4]
Treatment change
The disease, is treated with antibiotics. [1]
Resistance change
Resistance to these antibiotics has been developing, which has made treatment more difficult.[1][9]
References change
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Wain, J; Hendriksen, RS; Mikoleit, ML; Keddy, KH; Ochiai, RL (21 March 2015). "Typhoid fever". Lancet. 385 (9973): 1136–45. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)62708-7. PMID 25458731.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Typhoid vaccines: WHO position paper" (PDF). Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 83 (6): 49–59. February 8, 2008. PMID 18260212. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 2, 2015.
- ↑ Anna E. Newton (2014). "3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel". CDC health information for international travel 2014 : the yellow book. ISBN 9780199948499. Archived from the original on 2015-07-02.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 6 June 2016. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "Typhoid Fever". cdc.gov. May 14, 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 March 2015.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Crump, JA; Mintz, ED (15 January 2010). "Global trends in typhoid and paratyphoid Fever". Clin Infect Dis. 50 (2): 241–6. doi:10.1086/649541. PMC 2798017. PMID 20014951.
- ↑ Alan J. Magill (2013). Hunter's tropical medicine and emerging infectious diseases (9th ed.). London: Saunders/Elsevier. pp. 568–572. ISBN 9781455740437. Archived from the original on 2017-02-28.
- ↑ Milligan, R; Paul, M; Richardson, M; Neuberger, A (31 May 2018). "Vaccines for preventing typhoid fever". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 5: CD001261. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001261.pub4. PMID 29851031.
- ↑ Chatham-Stephens, K; Medalla, F; Hughes, M; Appiah, GD; Aubert, RD; Caidi, H; Angelo, KM; Walker, AT; Hatley, N; Masani, S; Nash, J; Belko, J; Ryan, ET; Mintz, E; Friedman, CR (11 January 2019). "Emergence of Extensively Drug-Resistant Salmonella Typhi Infections Among Travelers to or from Pakistan - United States, 2016-2018". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 68 (1): 11–13. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6801a3. PMC 6342547. PMID 30629573.