Acidobacteria
The phylum acidobacteria is distributed across nearly all ecosystems. Acidobacteria are particularly abundant in acidic soils, peatlands and environments with rich iron minerals.[1][2] Most acidobacteria prefer acidic conditions (pH3.0-6.5) for growth,[1] but multiple members also live in alkaline soils.[3]
The characteristics of acidobacteria are gram-negative (gram staining negative), non-spore-forming and with multiple shapes. In most cases, they reproduce through binary fission (separate a body into two new parts). Most acidobacteria get energy from chemical substances (chemoheterotrophs), but some get it from light.[2]
Due to the most acidobacteria's capacity to live with a low level of nutrients, acidobacteria are hard to culture on the conventional growth media in the laboratory. Hence, they were underrepresented until gene analysis in recent decades.[1] Currently, acidobacteria have 26 subdivisions based on the results of DNA analysis.[4]
Acidobacteria has a large proportion of the genes encoding proteins that can transport nutrients from the environment into cells, which facilitates acidobacteria to acquire a wide range of nutrients, helping them to survive in nutrient-poor environments.[1]
Ecological roles
changeModulation of biogeochemical cycles
changeAcidobacteria contains genes that help them in degrading sugar polymers. They can act as decomposers in soil and recycle organic matters produced by plants, fungi and insects.[5] Acidobacteria is likely to supplement their energy intake with carbon monoxide(CO), but this remains to be confirmed.[3] They significantly contribute to the carbon cycle in these two major parts: degradations of sugars and CO oxidation.[3]
Acidobacteria can process nitrogen in many different forms and they play a central role in the nitrogen cycle in plant-soil ecosystems.[1]
Some members of acidobacteria can do anaerobic respiration (respiration without oxygen) and promote the global sulfur cycle.[1]
Some acidobacteria can breathe oxygen at atmospheric and at very low oxygen concentrations. They have survival advantages in soils with a low level of oxygen.[1]
Some strains can consume hydrogen (H2) at the atmospheric level and this contributes to the global hydrogen cycle.[6]
Production of complex sugars
changeAcidobacteria species can produce and send complex sugars to the outside of their cells , which could help plant roots uptake nutrients and water from soils by modifying the properties of soils around roots.[1] These sugars also support bacteria to adhere to the root surfaces.[7]
Influencing plant growth
changeAcidobacteria species could actively produce important compounds that stimulate plant growth.[7]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Kalam, Sadaf; Basu, Anirban; Ahmad, Iqbal; Sayyed, R. Z.; El-Enshasy, Hesham Ali; Dailin, Daniel Joe; Suriani, Ni Luh (2020). "Recent Understanding of Soil Acidobacteria and Their Ecological Significance: A Critical Review". Frontiers in Microbiology. 11: 580024. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.580024. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 7661733. PMID 33193209.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dedysh, Svetlana N.; Sinninghe Damsté, Jaap S. (22 January 2018). [10.1002/9780470015902.a0027685 "Acidobacteria"]. eLS: 1–10. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027685. ISBN 9780470016176.
{{cite journal}}: Check|url=value (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Ward, Naomi L.; Challacombe, Jean F.; Janssen, Peter H.; Henrissat, Bernard; Coutinho, Pedro M.; Wu, Martin; Xie, Gary; Haft, Daniel H.; Sait, Michelle; Badger, Jonathan; Barabote, Ravi D. (April 2009). "Three Genomes from the Phylum Acidobacteria Provide Insight into the Lifestyles of These Microorganisms in Soils". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (7): 2046–2056. doi:10.1128/AEM.02294-08. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2663196. PMID 19201974.
- ↑ Barns, Susan M.; Cain, Elizabeth C.; Sommerville, Leslie; Kuske, Cheryl R. (May 2007). "Acidobacteria Phylum Sequences in Uranium-Contaminated Subsurface Sediments Greatly Expand the Known Diversity within the Phylum". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 73 (9): 3113–3116. doi:10.1128/AEM.02012-06. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 1892891. PMID 17337544.
- ↑ John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, ed. (2001-05-30). eLS (1 ed.). Wiley. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0027685. ISBN 978-0-470-01617-6.
- ↑ Eichorst, Stephanie A.; Trojan, Daniela; Roux, Simon; Herbold, Craig; Rattei, Thomas; Woebken, Dagmar (March 2018). "Genomic insights into the Acidobacteria reveal strategies for their success in terrestrial environments". Environmental Microbiology. 20 (3): 1041–1063. doi:10.1111/1462-2920.14043. ISSN 1462-2912. PMC 5900883. PMID 29327410.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Kielak, Anna M.; Cipriano, Matheus A. P.; Kuramae, Eiko E. (December 2016). "Acidobacteria strains from subdivision 1 act as plant growth-promoting bacteria". Archives of Microbiology. 198 (10): 987–993. doi:10.1007/s00203-016-1260-2. ISSN 0302-8933. PMC 5080364. PMID 27339258.