Bijective function
Bijection. There is exactly one arrow to every element in the codomain B (from an element of the domain A). |
In mathematics, a bijective function or bijection is a function f : A → B that is both an injection and a surjection.[1] This is equivalent to the following statement: for every element b in the codomain B, there is exactly one element a in the domain A such that f(a)=b. Another name for bijection is 1-1 correspondence (read "one-to-one correspondence").[2][3]
The term bijection and the related terms surjection and injection were introduced by Nicholas Bourbaki.[4] In the 1930s, he and a group of other mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics.
Not a bijection. (It is not a surjection. It is not an injection.) |
Basic properties
changeFormally:
- is a bijective function if , there is a unique such that
where the element is called the image of the element , and the element the pre-image of the element .
The formal definition can also be interpreted in two ways:
- Every element of the codomain B is the image of exactly one element in the domain A.
- Every element of the codomain B has exactly one pre-image in the domain A.
Note: Surjection means minimum one pre-image. Injection means maximum one pre-image. So bijection means exactly one pre-image.
Cardinality
changeCardinality is the number of elements in a set. The cardinality of A={X,Y,Z,W} is 4. This can be written as #A=4.[5]: 60
By definition, two sets A and B have the same cardinality if there is a bijection between the sets. So #A=#B means there is a bijection from A to B.
Bijections and inverse functions
changeBijections and inverse functions are related to each other, in that a bijection is invertible, can be turned into its inverse function by reversing the arrows.
Formally: Let f : A → B be a bijection. The inverse function g : B → A is defined by if f(a)=b, then g(b)=a. (See also Inverse function.)
- The inverse function of the inverse function is the original function.[6]
- A function has an inverse function if and only if it is a bijection.[7][8][9]
Note: The notation for the inverse function of f is confusing. Namely,
- denotes the inverse function of the function f, but denotes the reciprocal value of the number x.
Examples
changeElementary functions
changeLet f(x):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function y=f(x) of a real-valued argument x. (This means both the input and output are numbers.)
- Graphic meaning: The function f is a bijection if every horizontal line intersects the graph of f in exactly one point.
- Algebraic meaning: The function f is a bijection if for every real number yo we can find at least one real number xo such that yo=f(xo) and if f(xo)=f(x1) means xo=x1 .
Proving that a function is a bijection means proving that it is both a surjection and an injection. So formal proofs are rarely easy. Below we discuss and do not prove. (See surjection and injection.)
Example: The linear function of a slanted line is a bijection. That is, y=ax+b where a≠0 is a bijection.
- Discussion: Every horizontal line intersects a slanted line in exactly one point (see surjection and injection for proofs). Image 1.
Example: The polynomial function of third degree: f(x)=x3 is a bijection. Image 2 and image 5 thin yellow curve. Its inverse is the cube root function f(x)= ∛x and it is also a bijection f(x):ℝ→ℝ. Image 5: thick green curve.
Example: The quadratic function f(x) = x2 is not a bijection (from ℝ→ℝ). Image 3. It is not a surjection. It is not an injection. However, we can restrict both its domain and codomain to the set of non-negative numbers (0,+∞) to get an (invertible) bijection (see examples below).
Note: This last example shows this. To determine whether a function is a bijection we need to know three things:
- the domain
- the function machine
- the codomain
Example: Suppose our function machine is f(x)=x².
- This machine and domain=ℝ and codomain=ℝ is not a surjection and not an injection. However,
- this same machine and domain=[0,+∞) and codomain=[0,+∞) is both a surjection and an injection and thus a bijection.
Bijections and their inverses
changeLet f(x):A→B where A and B are subsets of ℝ.
- Suppose f is not a bijection. For any x where the derivative of f exists and is not zero, there is a neighborhood of x where we can restrict the domain and codomain of f to be a bijection.[5]: 281
- The graphs of inverse functions are symmetric with respect to the line y=x. (See also Inverse function.)
Example: The quadratic function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞)
- defined by
is a bijection. Image 6: thin yellow curve.
Example: The square root function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞)
- defined by
is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the quadratic function: x2. Image 6: thick green curve.
Example: The exponential function defined on the domain ℝ and the restricted codomain (0,+∞)
- defined by
is a bijection. Image 4: thin yellow curve (a=10).
Example: The logarithmic function base a defined on the restricted domain (0,+∞) and the codomain ℝ
- defined by
is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the exponential function: ax. Image 4: thick green curve (a=10).
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ "The Definitive Glossary of Higher Mathematical Jargon". Math Vault. 2019-08-01. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
- ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Bijective". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
- ↑ "Oxford Concise Dictionary of Mathematics, Bijection" (PDF). addison-Wesley. 2009. p. 88. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
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: Unknown parameter|authors=
ignored (help) - ↑ Miller, Jeff (2010). "Earliest Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics". Tripod. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Tanton, James (2005). Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Cardinality. Facts on File, New York. ISBN 0-8160-5124-0. (in English)
- ↑ "Inverse of Bijection is Bijection". Archived from the original on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
- ↑ "Injection iff Left Inverse". Archived from the original on 2013-07-20. Retrieved 2014-02-01.
- ↑ "Surjection iff Right Inverse". Retrieved 2014-02-01.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ "Bijection iff Left and Right Inverse". Retrieved 2014-02-01.[permanent dead link]
Other websites
change- "Injective, Surjective, Bijective". 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-01. interactive quiz
- "Injectivity, Surjectivity". Wolfram alpha. Archived from the original on 2013-11-25. Retrieved 2013-12-01. interactive