Browder v. Gayle
Browder v. Gayle, 142 F. Supp. 707 (1956),[1] was a case heard before a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama on Montgomery and Alabama state bus segregation laws. The District Court ruled 2-1, with one dissenting, on June 5, 1956 that bus segregation was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment protections for equal treatment.[2]
| Browder v. Gayle | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Argued June 5, 1956 Decided November 13, 1956 | |
| Full case name | Aurelia Browder v. W. A. Gayle, Mayor of Montgomery |
| Citations | 1147 U.S. (more) 142 F. Supp. 707 - Dist. Court, MD Alabama, 1956 |
| Prior history | Dist. Court, MD Alabama, 1956 |
| Holding | |
| The Supreme Court summarily affirmed the district court decision and in effect overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). | |
| Court membership | |
| |
| Case opinions | |
| Majority | Per curiam opinion, joined by unanimous |
| Laws applied | |
| U.S. Const. amend. XIV | |
The state and city appealed, and the decision was upheld by the United States Supreme Court on November 13, 1956.[3] A motion for clarification and for rehearing was denied on December 17, 1956.[4]
Background
changeAbout two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, civil rights activists reconsidered the case of Claudette Colvin. She was a 15-year-old girl who had been the first person arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus.[a] Black leaders had been looking for a test case to test the constitutionality of the segregation laws of the state of Alabama and the city of Montgomery. One of the attorneys, Clifford Durr, was concerned that an appeal of Mrs. Rosa Parks' case would get tied up in the Alabama state courts. They needed a way to get directly to the federal courts. Colvin and several others who were discriminated against on Montgomery busses, agreed to become plaintiffs in a federal civil action lawsuit, thus bypassing the Alabama court system. The bus company said segregation was valid on "privately owned busses" which operated according to the laws of the city and state.[6]
Ruling
changeOn February 1, 1956, the case of Browder v. Gayle was filed in U.S. District Court.[7] Browder was a Montgomery housewife; W. A. Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery.[8]
On June 13, 1956, the District Court ruled that "the enforced segregation of black and white passengers on motor buses operating in the City of Montgomery violates the Constitution and laws of the United States,"[9] because the conditions deprived people of equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.[6] The court further enjoined the state of Alabama and city of Montgomery from continuing to operate segregated buses.
The case was not completed until it was heard later that year by the US Supreme Court, as the state and city appealed the decision. On November 13, 1956, the Supreme Court upheld the District Court's ruling and ordered the state of Alabama (and Montgomery) to desegregate its buses.[10] One month later on December 20, after Mayor Gayle was handed official written notice by federal marshals, the Montgomery buses were desegregated.[11]
Notes
change- ↑ Her arrest took place nine months before that of Rosa Parks'; both for refusing to give up their seats to white passengers.[5]
References
change- ↑ affirmed per curiam, Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903 (1956); full text at [1]
- ↑ Browder v. Gayle, District Court of the United States for the Middle District of Alabama Northern Division, June 19, 1956, retrieved October 29, 2005.
- ↑ Gayle v. Browder, 352 U.S. 903 (1956).
- ↑ 352 U.S. 950 (1956).
- ↑ "Before Rosa Parks, There Was Claudette Colvin". NPR. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Browder v. Gayle Subtitle142 F. Supp. 707 June 5, 1956" (PDF). Stetson University College of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2016. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ "Browder v. Gayle: The Women Before Rosa Parks". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ "Browder v. Gayle; The Case That Ended Montgomery Bus Boycott". Congress of Racial Equality. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ Ricky Riley (22 October 2015). "Before Rosa Parks: 6 Facts About Civil Rights Activist Mary Louise Smith and the Other Women Who Refuse To Be Moved". Atlanta Black Star. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ "Browder v. Gayle (1956)". BlackPast.org. Retrieved 31 March 2016.
- ↑ "Browder vs Gayle Court Case Facts". Black History Facts. Retrieved 31 March 2016.