Clostridium
Clostridium is a genus of bacteria. Clostridium bacteria are obligate anaerobes, which means they do not need oxygen to grow.[1]
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| SEM micrograph of Clostridium difficile colonies from a stool sample. | |
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| Genus: | Clostridium Prazmowski 1880
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Clostridium bacteria are shaped like rods. The name "Clostridium" comes from the Greek word kloster (κλωστήρ), which means "spindle."
Clostridium bacteria are gram-positive and can produce endospores.[2][3]
Important species
changeThere are many different species of Clostridium bacteria. Some of these species can cause serious illness.
Clostridium botulinum
changeClostridium botulinum bacteria make a toxin called botulinum. When botulinum toxins get into food or wounds, they cause botulism, a dangerous disease.[4] Botulism can paralyze the muscles (stop the muscles from moving or working). People can die from botulism if their breathing muscles get paralyzed. This makes them unable to breathe.
Most cases of botulism happen because people eat meat that was not cooked well enough, or eat canned food that was not canned properly.[5][6]
If babies under age one eat natural honey, they can get infant botulism. Most adults and older children can eat natural honey without getting sick. In healthy people, the intestines are filled with good, healthy bacteria. Usually, these regular bacteria keep Clostridium botulinum under control. Infants do not have enough of these good bacteria to be able to eat honey safely.[7]
Sometimes doctors use botulinum toxins to treat medical problems. There are medicines, like Botox, which contain botulinum toxin. Some people get Botox treatments when they have wrinkles in the face. When it is injected into the forehead, Botox paralyzes the muscles in the face, and makes the face look smoother.[5][8]
Clostridium difficile
changeClostridium difficile bacteria can cause bad diarrhea and serious illness. Usually, people get Clostridium difficile infection after they have taken antibiotic medicines. These medicines can kill the healthy bacteria that normally live in the intestines and keep Clostridium difficile bacteria under control. Clostridium difficile infection can be spread from person to person, and is getting more common in hospitals, nursing homes, and other health care facilities. Just in the United States, 14,000 people die every year from Clostridium difficile infection.[9][10]
Clostridium difficile is an antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This means that many antibiotic medicines cannot kill the bacteria. This makes Clostridium difficile infection difficult to treat.[11]
Clostridium tetani
changeClostridium tetani causes tetanus.[12] Usually, people get tetanus when they get a cut or wound, and Clostridium tetani bacteria get into the wound.[13] At first, tetanus causes the muscles in the jaw to spasm (tighten). (Tetanus is often called "lockjaw" because the jaw muscles spasm so badly that the jaw seems "locked.") This can make it difficult to swallow. As tetanus gets worse, other muscles in the body get stiff and spasm.[14][15]
Tetanus immunization can keep people from getting tetanus.[15]
References
change- ↑ They cannot tolerate oxygen.
- ↑ Ryan, Kenneth James; Ray, C. George; Sherris, John C. (2004). Sherris medical microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
- ↑ Bruggemann, Holger; Gottschalk, Gerhard (2009). Clostridia: molecular biology in the post-genomic era. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-38-7.
- ↑ Wells C.L. & Wilkins T.D. 1996 (1996). Botulism and Clostridium botulinum. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S. et al eds) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Montecucco C, Molgó J (2005). "Botulinal neurotoxins: revival of an old killer". Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 5 (3): 274–279. doi:10.1016/j.coph.2004.12.006. PMID 15907915.
- ↑ Proft, Thomas (2009). "Botulinum Neurotoxins: Structure and Mechanism of Action". Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-44-8.
- ↑ Tanzi M.G. & Gabay M.P. 2002. (2002). "Association between honey consumption and infant botulism". Pharmacotherapy. 22 (11): 1479–83. doi:10.1592/phco.22.16.1479.33696. PMID 12432974. S2CID 42891891.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Proft, Thomas (2009). "Botulinum Neurotoxins: Structure and Mechanism of Action". Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-44-8.
- ↑ "Bugs in the system". The Economist. 3 November 2012.
- ↑ Clabots C.R.; et al. (1992). "Acquisition of Clostridium difficile by hospitalized patients: evidence for colonized new admissions as a source of infection". The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 166 (3): 561–7. doi:10.1093/infdis/166.3.561. PMID 1323621.
- ↑ Ryan, Kenneth James; Ray, C. George; Sherris, John C. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 322–4. ISBN 978-0-8385-8529-0.
- ↑ Wells C.L. & Wilkins T.D. 1996 (1996). "Tetanus and Clostribium tetani". In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S. et al eds) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ "A/67/L.28-A/RES/67/19 of 26 November 2012". Archived from the original on 2012-12-06. Retrieved 2012-12-01.
- ↑ Wells CL, Wilkins TD (1996). Clostridia: sporeforming anaerobic bacilli. In Baron's Medical Microbiology. Baron S et al, eds (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. (via NCBI Bookshelf).
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Tetanus" (PDF). CDC Pink Book. Retrieved 2007-01-26.