Emmanuel Mormoris
Emmanuel Mormoris, or Manolis Mormoris (Greek: Εμμανουήλ Μορμόρης), was a 16th-century Greek military leader from Crete and politician in the Republic of Venice.[1][2][3] He led the Greek revolt of 1567–1572 in the region of Epirus controlled by the Ottoman Empire during the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1570-1573.
Family and early years change
Emmanuel Mormoris and his family, the Mormori or Murmuri, were Greeks from Nafplio in southern Greece.[4][5][6]
The family is first mentioned in the 15th century when a rich landord in Nafplio named Emmanuel Mormori was married to a lady from the Bua family.[6] When the Ottoman army conquered Nafplio in 1540, many Greeks fled and some members of the Mormoris family escaped to the island of Crete controlled by the Venetians.[6] In the 16th century, members of the Mormori or Murmuri family were active in Nafplio fighting against the Ottoman Empire.[6] Other members of the same family served the Republic of Venice in Crete.[3] Mormoris himself praises the Greeks and his family members in their fight against the Ottomans.[5]
The father of Emmanuel Mormoris, Jacomo, was a cavaliere ("cavalryman") in the Venetian army and leader of the stratioti of Crete.[7] Before 1570, Emmanuel Mormoris was sent by the Venetian provveditore generale ("governor-general") of Crete to Sfakia, a region in western Crete, to convince some local rebel to surrender to Venetian rule.[7] In 1568, he became leader of a cavalry unit of stratioti di nationi Greca ("soldiers from the Greek nation")[8] and was sent to the island of Corfu.[9] In 1571, he was accepted as member of the Cretan nobility (cretensi nobili) by the Venetian Senate.[10]
Activity in Epirus change
Mormoris was militarily active in the region of Epirus during the Ottoman-Venetian War of 1570-1573.[7] The provveditore of Corfu, Sebastiano Venier, gave weapons and ammunition to the Greeks of Himara.[11] Mormoris proposed the capture of the fortress of Sopot located across the island of Corfu.[12]
Sopot was an important stronghold and the Greek groups that participated in Mormoris' operations included Greek stratioti from Corfu and Greeks from Himarra (called Himariotes).[13] After a successful siege on 7 June 1570, Mormoris was made commander of the fortress and the surrounding region.[7][12] The capture of Sopot caused a revolt under his leadership resulting in the Ottomans being limited in the region to some military outposts.[14] Mormoris, together with groups of Himariotes, then tried to destroy the Ottoman army as soon as possible.[14] Afterwards, the anti-Ottoman movement spread to the regions of Argyrokastron, Delvina and Parga with the military help of the local Greek nobility and some stratioti,[15] such as Petros Lantzas and Georgios Renesis.[15] Also, the people of Himara supported the rebellion and willingly surrendered to Venetian rule,[12] while making use of the mountains of their homeland.[16]
Mormoris and his army attacked the fortress of Nivice and finally captured it in 1571.[17][14][18] Meanwhile, an Ottoman fleet under admiral Uluz Ali approached the coast of Himara.[18] During his campaigns, Mormoris was helped by his brother Zorzis Mormoris who led units of stratioti in Margariti, Santa Maura (Lefkada), and Corfu.[19] But Venice removed its support to the Greek rebels and so the rebels had to end their attack on Kardhiq and later Sopot Fortress was recaptured by the Ottomans in 1571.[7] Emmanuel Mormoris was captured during the Ottoman attack, taken prisoner to Constantinople, and was freed in June 1575 during a prisoner exchange between the Venetians and Ottomans.[7]
Later activity change
In 1583, Mormoris was placed in command of the Venetian infantry in Crete.[7] He was involved in the construction of the Fortezza of Rethymno and the port at Rethymno.[20] In 1590-1591, he was sent to Italy to suppress the revolt of the lord of Montemarciano, Alfonso Picollomini, who was later executed in March 1591. In 1592, Mormoris returned to Crete to deal with rebellions in the island.[19] In 1593, he was placed in Kefallonia where he oversaw the building of the Venetian fortress in Asos.[19] Mormoris was the author of military reports on the construction of fortifications in the Ionian islands and Crete.[21]
References change
Citations change
- ↑ Setton 1991, p. 108: "Emmanuele Mormori, a Veneto-Cretan noble".
- ↑ Hatzopoulos 1991, pp. 55–68: "Emmanuel Mormori, a Cretan officer in the service of the Venetian Republic in the sixteenth century."
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Fotiou 1996–1997, p. 323: "His Erofili is dedicated to Giannis Mormoris, a lawyer, of the Greek-Cretan noble Mormori family, originating from the Peloponnese, and in Crete since 1540, whose members faithfully served the republic."
- ↑ Korre 2016, p. 1, footnote 1: "ASV (Archivio di Stato di Venezia), Collegio, Relazioni, [...] b. 78, φ 221ν (Emanuel Mormori di nation greca), κ.α."
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Setton 1991, p. 108, footnote 12 (continued): "Mormori, who was apparently of Greek origin, frequently praises the Greeks, and mentions members of his own family in the struggle against the Turks."
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Hatzopoulos 1993, p. 158.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Hatzopoulos 1993, p. 159.
- ↑ Korre 2017, p. 376.
- ↑ Korre 2016, p. 7.
- ↑ Korre 2017, p. 577.
- ↑ Chasiotis 1970, p. 147.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Hill 1940, p. 911: "The Greek, Manuel Mormori of Nauplia, who had proposed the undertaking, was left in charge. This success induced certain of the population in the neighbourhood of Cheimarra to submit themselves voluntarily to Venice."
- ↑ Chasiotis 1970, p. 149.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Chasiotis 1970, p. 213.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Vranousis & Sfyroeras 1997, p. 245.
- ↑ Hammond 1967, p. 126: "In 1570-4 the Venetians occupied the fortress at Sopot and helped the people against the Turks [...] to withdraw to fastnesses in the hills."
- ↑ Giakoumis 2002, p. 21.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Vakalopoulos 2003, pp. 80–81.
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Hatzopoulos 1993, p. 160.
- ↑ Korre 2016, p. 8.
- ↑ Korre 2017, p. 377.
Sources change
- Chasiotis, Ioannis K. (1970). Οι Έλληνες στις Παραμονές της Ναυμαχίας της Ναυπάκτου: Εκκλήσεις, Επαναστατικές Κινήσεις στην ελληνική Χερσόννησο από τις Παραμονές ως το Τέλος του Κυπριακού Πολέμου, 1568–1571 [The Greek People in the Eve of the Battle of Lepanto: Appeals, Revolutionary Movements in the Greek Peninsula from the Eve to the End of the War of Cyprus, 1568–1571] (in Greek). Thessaloniki: Hetaireia Makedonikōn Spoudōn.
- Fotiou, Thanos (1996–1997). "George Chortatsis Katzourbos". Modern Greek Studies Yearbook. 12–13.
- Giakoumis, Konstantinos (2002). The Monasteries of Jorgucat and Vanishte in Dropull and of Spelaio in Lunxheri as Monuments and Institutions during the Ottoman Period in Albania (16th-19th Centuries) (PhD Thesis). University of Birmingham. Archived from the original on 16 July 2020. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
- Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1967). Epirus: The Geography, the Ancient Remains, the History and the Topography of Epirus and Adjacent Areas. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
- Hatzopoulos, Dionysios (1993). "Greek Officers in the Eighteenth Century Venetian Army". The Journal of Modern Hellenism. 10: 157–165. ISSN 0743-7749.
- Hatzopoulos, Dionysios (1991). "Venice and Crete: Documents from the XVIth to XVIIIth Centuries". Fontanus. 4: 55–68. ISSN 0838-2026. Archived from the original on 2020-11-13. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
- Hill, Sir George Francis (1940). A History of Cyprus: The Frankish Period, 1432–1571. Cambridge: The University Press.
- Korre, Katerina (2016). Ο βίος και η πολιτεία της προσφυγικής οικογένειας Μούρμουρη (Mormori) στα Χανιά του 16ου αιώνα. Προσωπογραφία, οικογενειακές στρατηγικές, κοινωνικές συμπεριφορές. Heraklion: 12th International Congress of Cretan Studies (published 8 August 2019). ISBN 978-960-9480-35-2.
- Korre, Katerina (2017). Μισθοφόροι stradioti της Βενετίας: πολεμική και κοινωνική λειτουργία (15ος-16ος αιώνας) [Stradioti, mercenaries of Venice: military and social role (XV-XVI centuries)] (Thesis) (in Greek). Kerkyra: Ιόνιο Πανεπιστήμιο. Σχολή Ιστορίας και Μετάφρασης - Διερμηνείας. Τμήμα Ιστορίας (published 2018). doi:10.12681/eadd/42539. hdl:10442/hedi/42539.
- Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1991). Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century. American Philosophical Society. ISBN 978-0-87169-192-7.
- Stella, Aldo (2007). "Lepanto: Nella Storia e nella storiografia alla luce di nuovi documenti". Studi Veneziani. 51: 205–278.
- Vakalopoulos, Konstantinos Apostolou (2003). Ιστορία της Ηπείρου: Από τις Αρχές της Οθωμανοκρατίας μέχρι και του Παρόντος [History of Epirus: From the Beginning of Ottoman Rule to the Present] (in Greek). Hērodotos. ISBN 9789607290977.
- Vranousis, L.; Sfyroeras, V. (1997). "From the Turkish Conquest to the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century: Revolutionary Movements and Uprisings". In Sakellariou, M. V. (ed.). Epirus, 4000 Years of Greek History and Civilization. Athens: Ekdotikē Athēnōn. pp. 244–251. ISBN 9789602133712.
Further reading change
- Malcolm, Noel (2015). Agents of Empire: Knights, Corsairs, Jesuits and Spies in the Sixteenth-century Mediterranean World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0190262785.