Chimaera (genetics)
A chimaera or chimera in biology is a single organism (usually an animal) made of two genetically distinct cells. The two types of cells may come from separate fertilised eggs or zygotes.[1]
Chimeras that originate from distinct fertilised eggs fused together are called dispermic chimeras. When, on the other hand, the genetically distinct cell types originate from the same zygote, the organism is called a mosaic.
Dispermic chimaeras are formed from at least two fertilized eggs or early embryos fused together. Each population of cells keeps its own phenotype and the resulting organism is a mixture of the two phenotypes.
Microchimerism is a form of chimerism in which a host harbors a small set of genetically distinct cells. This often happens with blood transfusion or transplants, but also during pregnancy due to the two-way cell trafficking between the mother and the foetus.[2]
Recently, epigenetic chimeras have been discovered in mouse models.[3]
Germline chimerism change
Germline chimerism occurs when the germ cells (for example, sperm and egg cells) of an organism are not genetically identical to its own.
Marmosets almost always give birth to fraternal twins. They may have the reproductive cells of their (fraternal) twin siblings. Placental fusion during development in the womb is what causes this.[4][5][6]
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References change
- ↑ King R.C; Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006. A dictionary of genetics. Oxford University Press, p73. ISBN 0-19-530761-5
- ↑ Gammill H.S. & Nelson J.L. 2010. Naturally acquired microchimerism. Int. J. Dev. Biol. doi:10.1387/ijdb.082767hg
- ↑ Chanchao Lorthongpanich et al 2014. Science 341, 1110 (2013); DOI: 10.1126/science.1240617
- ↑ Ross, C. N.; J. A. French; G. Orti (2007). "Germ-line chimerism and paternal care in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (15): 6278–6282. doi:10.1073/pnas.0607426104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1851065. PMID 17389380.
- ↑ Zimmer, Carl (2007-03-27). "In the marmoset family, things really do appear to Be all relative". The New York Times. Retrieved 2010-04-01.
- ↑ Hooper, Rowan (26 March 2007). "Marmosets may carry their sibling's sex cells". New Scientist.