Pregnancy

Pregnancy is when a female has an unborn baby (a prenatal foetus) inside of her. Humans give birth to live young. Almost all mammals give birth to live offspring (their young) to end pregnancy, except kangaroos and beavers. If the birth goes well and there are no serious problems during pregnancy then a healthy human is born. In other animals which lay eggs like for example birds, they do not give birth to a bird, but lay an egg which needs to develop further to hatch.

A pregnant woman.

Pregnant zebra

It is called being "pregnant" to be carrying an unborn foetus. Before 9 weeks, the foetus is an dveloping as an embryo. A human pregnancy is about 38 weeks long, from conception to childbirth. Usually the mother has one baby at a time. Sometimes the mother has two babies at one time, and when this happens, the babies are called twins. Siblings who are twins might not look like each other, but if they do, they are called identical twins. The mother can have three or more babies at one time. Three siblings born at the same time are triplets, and four are quadruplets, and so on. Multiple birth does not happen very often in humans. Aboout one in 85 pregnancies are of twins, and about one in 7,000 are of triplets. Some animals birth multiple young at a time after every pregnancy.

Some people have trouble becoming pregnant. This is called infertility. Women and men with infertility may take drugs or have surgery to help a pregnancy start. Some people use treatments that are not natural, like in vitro fertilization, to become pregnant with the help of a doctor.

Conception (Start)

Main article: Conception

Pregnancy usually starts after a woman has sexual intercourse with a man. Her ovum (or egg) and his sperm (seed) come together and form a zygote (fertilized egg) inside her.

Growth of the baby

Main article: Gestation

When the woman's egg and the man's seed come together, it makes one cell called a zygote. The zygote grows into an embryo, which grows into a fetus. When the fetus is ready, the baby is born.

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  Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization
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  Fetus at 8 weeks after fertilization
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  Fetus at 18 weeks after fertilization
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  Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization

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  Relative size in 1st month (simplified illustration)
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  Relative size in 3rd month (simplified illustration)
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  Relative size in 5th month (simplified illustration)
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  Relative size in 9th month (simplified illustration)

Length of pregnancy

Human pregnancy is divided into three parts called trimesters. A trimester is about three months long. During the first trimester, the woman might feel ill in her stomach. She might have to urinate often. During the second trimester, the woman's abdomen starts to stick out. During the third trimester, her abdomen sticks out even more, and she becomes even heavier.

Birth

Main article: Childbirth

At the end of a full pregnancy, the woman's body pushes the baby out through her vagina. This is called delivering a baby or giving birth. Mothers can get help for birth from a midwife, nurse, or doctor. In some places, mothers give birth at home. In other places, mothers give birth in a hospital. Mothers who are ill or hurt may need to go to a hospital.

Giving birth can hurt a lot at the end. In hospitals, a doctor or midwife can give drugs to the mother to reduce the pain.

If the baby cannot be pushed out, then a doctor can cut the mother open to take the baby out. This operation is called a Caesarean section.

Social problems

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women says that pregnant women must be given time away from work or equal welfare for her baby without losing her job (Article 11).

Sometimes, people who are teenagers become pregnant. Teenage pregnancies have a set of problems, which need to be carefully considered.

Pregnancy problems

Main articles: miscarriage and maternal mortality

Sometimes there are problems with pregnancies. A miscarriage (spontaneous abortion) is when the baby dies before it is born. A stillbirth is when the baby is dead when it is born. There are also diseases caused by pregnancy.

Sometimes, women die from giving birth. In developed countries, this is much less common than it used to be. Every year, about 500,000 women die from giving birth, while about 7,000,000 mothers have big problems from giving birth.

For example, giving birth can tear the mother's body and cause an obstetric fistula. Complications during childbirth like these, and others, is why sometimes, abortions are carried in places where they are usually not. If there is risk to the mother during pregnancy or giving birth then it is said that it needs to happen. In these cases (called exceptions) it is for the safety of the mother. An example of this is in America, where places that have banned abortion have to make an exception to protect the woman. The other way of doing it is for those places to let the dangerous pregnancies be carried out.

Abortion

Main article: Abortion

A pregnancy can also stop without the baby being born. This is called abortion. Doctors can do things that will stop a pregnancy. Such an abortion is called induced abortion. Countries have different laws about induced abortions. Some countries allow it, and others do not. In some countries, it is allowed, but only for certain reasons, such as the pregnancy resulting from rape, or a doctor saying that the pregnant woman might die if the pregnancy is not stopped. People also have different opinions about abortion. Often, these are influenced by religious beliefs.

There are a few diseases that can kill a woman or make her very ill if she has a baby. Having abortions could save the lives or health of these mothers.

Pregnancy test

A pregnancy test.

Main article: Pregnancy test

A pregnancy test is something that women use to tell whether they are pregnant. The woman urinates on the stick. If the woman is pregnant, a plus sign or two lines will appear on the stick. If the woman is not pregnant, then a minus sign or one line will appear on the stick.

Other websites

• What Is Prenatal Care?