Jury nullification
Jury nullification is a jury on purpose ignoring evidence or refusing to apply the law as explained in the jury instructions.[1] A jury may feel the application of the law is unfair, unjust, or immoral in some way[1] or may want to "send a message" about some social issue.[1]
Jury nullification is not a legal function of a jury and is not usually considered to be consistent with a jury's duty to judge a case on the facts and the law.[1]
It is clear that juries have the power to nullify.[2] However, it is another question on if they have the right to nullify.[2] Once the verdict of not guilty is returned, double jeopardy applies and so the defendant cannot be tried again.[2] If a judge learns that a juror intends to nullify the verdict, the judge has the right to remove that juror.[2] Typically, jurors are not told by the court that they have the power to nullify. Judges fear if they told jurors they would have jury anarchy on their hands with jurors doing whatever they please. However, jury nullification can provide valuable feedback and is sometimes useful if it is used wisely.[2]
History
changeJury nullification goes back to the beginnings of the jury system in England as established by Magna Carta in 1215.[3] The practice came to the United States during the colonial period. The case thought to be the precedent for jury nullification in the US is that of John Peter Zenger in 1735.[3] He was put on trial for seditious libel. Zenger had criticized the governor in his newspaper, The Weekly Journal. Trying everything he could to insure a guilty verdict, the governor even had Zenger's lawyers disbarred to prevent him from having legal representation.[4] But the jury refused to convict him, going against the judge's orders.[5]
Discriminatory acquittal
changeAlong with a history of jury nullification in the US, there is also a history of discriminatory acquittals. An example of discriminatory acquittal is when jury nullification is used to punish female rape victims by allowing their rapists to go free.[6] The same is true of female victims of domestic violence.[6] The "appropriateness" of a female victim's behavior in court can have a great deal to do with how a jury will act, according to studies on the subject.[6] Another example is the 1991 case of Rodney King. King was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on videotape.[7] The jury acquitted the police officers of beating him up even though they watched the video in court.[7]
Arguments against jury nullification
changeJury nullification can be a way for a jury to express their own prejudice and bias.[8] Examples include all-white juries enforcing Jim Crow laws on black defendants while letting white defendants who committed racial crimes against blacks go free.[8] Also, it can seem unfair to allow one defendant to go free for committing the same crime while another defendant is convicted, just because one jury decided to nullify the law.[8] This challenges the concept of equal protection under Fourteenth Amendment.
In the 1895 Supreme Court decision Sparf v. United States the Court ruled that judges did not have an obligation to tell jurors about jury nullification.[9] The decision did not say judges could not tell jurors about nullification or that jurors did not have that power.[9] They only said judges were not required to tell jurors.[9] This led to the now common practice of judges in the U.S. penalizing defense attorneys who try in any way to present a nullification argument.[9]
Arguments for jury nullification
changeWhen a jury lets guilty people go free, it is called jury nullification. When a prosecutor decides not to charge a guilty person of a crime, it is called "prosecutorial discretion".[10] Prosecutors are legal professionals while jury members are not.[10] However prosecutors are also politicians and may make politically motivated decisions or may be corrupt.[10] Judges will often instruct a jury to return a verdict based on the merits of the case and not the merits of the law.[11] But one argument is that juries have a responsibility to decide if they think the law is wrong in a particular case.[11]
A person who overreacts when seeing someone commit a crime may be guilty of a crime themselves.[11] For example, if a child is killed by a drunk driver and the father then kills the drunk driver, according to law the father may be guilty of murder.[11] The same is true if a man seeing someone sexually assaulting his wife or daughter and beats the attacker to death (in many jurisdictions).[11] A jury is made up of people who live in a community. They can decide to let someone go free if they think is it safe to do so.[11]
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Jury Nullification". Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Doug Linder (2001). "Jury Nullification". University of Missouri - Kansas City. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Scott Pettit, Resolution: In the United States criminal justice system, jury nullification ought to be used in the face of perceived injustice (Salt Lake City, UT: Beehive Forensics Institute, University of Utah, 2015), p. 2
- ↑ The Press on Trial: Crimes and Trials as Media Events, ed. Lloyd Chiasson (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997), p. 7
- ↑ Jane E. Kirtley, 'Legal Foundations of Press Freedom in the United States', Global Issues, Vol. 8, No. 1 (February, 2003), p. 12
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Tania Tetlow, 'Discriminatory Acquittal', William & Mary Bill of Rights Journal, Volume 18, Issue 1, Article 4 (2009), p. 75
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Tania Tetlow, 'Granting Prosecutors Constitutional Rights to Combat Discrimination', Journal of Constitutional Law, Volume 14. Number 5 (April 20120, p. 1117
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ilya Somin (7 August 2015). "Rethinking jury nullification". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Steve Silverman (4 February 2014). "8 Jury Nullification Objections Rebutted". Flex Your Rights. Retrieved 2 March 2016.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Glenn Harlan Reynolds (6 August 2015). "Reynolds: Nullifying juries more interested in justice than some prosecutors". USA Today. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 "Jury Nullification Pros and Cons". APECSEC.org. 11 November 2014. Retrieved 2 March 2016.