Linguolabial consonant
consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip
Linguolabials or apicolabials[1] are consonants articulated by putting the tip of the tongue against the top-side of the lip. The lip then goes to the tongue.
| Linguolabial | |
|---|---|
| ◌̼ |
Linguolabial consonants are not seen very often in languages, but they are not very hard to make with your mouth, unlike click consonants or ejectives. Some languages that do have lots of linguolabial consonants are Vanuatu, Bijago, in Umotína and as paralinguistic sounds. They can be sometimes seen in disordered speech.[2][3][4]
They can be typed as U+033C ̼ COMBINING SEAGULL BELOW to the alveolar consonant that fits it. You can also use the apical diacritic, U+033A ̺ COMBINING INVERTED BRIDGE BELOW to the bilabial consonant that fits it.[5]
List of consonants
change| IPA (two transcriptions) |
Description | Example | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | |||
| n̼ | m̺ | linguolabial nasal | Araki | m̈ana | [n̼ana] | "laugh"[6] |
| t̼ | p̺ | voiceless linguolabial plosive | Tangoa | p̈ep̈e | [t̼et̼e] | "butterfly"[7] |
| d̼ | b̺ | voiced linguolabial plosive | Kajoko dialect of Bijago | [nɔ̀-d̼ɔ́ːɡ] | "stone"[8] | |
| n̼d̼ | m̺b̺ | prenasalized voiced linguolabial plosive | Vao | [nan̼d̼ak] | "bow"[7] | |
| θ̼ | ɸ̺ | voiceless linguolabial fricative | Big Nambas | [ˈinɛθ̼] | "he is asthmatic" | |
| ð̼ | β̺ | voiced linguolabial fricative | Tangoa | v̈atu | [ð̼atu] | "stone"[7] |
| l̼ | — | linguolabial lateral approximant | (common in disordered speech) | |||
| ɬ̼ | — | voiceless linguolabial lateral fricative | (in disordered speech) | |||
| ɮ̼ | — | voiced linguolabial lateral fricative | (in disordered speech) | |||
| r̼ | ʙ̺ | linguolabial trill (uses lower lip) |
Coatlán Zapotec | r̼ʔ | mimesis for a child's flatulence[9] (blowing a raspberry) | |
| ǀ̼ or ʇ̼ | ʘ̺ | linguolabial click release (multiple consonants) | Coatlán Zapotec | kǀ̼ | mimesis for eating soup or a pig drinking water[9] | |
Related pages
changeNotes
change- ↑ The term apicolabial is older, but Ladefoged and Maddieson point out that often these sounds are not apical.
- ↑ Everett 1982.
- ↑ Maddieson 1988, p. 350.
- ↑ Maddieson 1988, pp. 364–367.
- ↑ Pullum & Ladusaw, Phonetic Symbol Guide, 1996:256. They note that the apical diacritic was added to the IPA after the linguolabial diacritic, and would have made the latter unnecessary.
- ↑ See p.270 of François, Alexandre (2002). Araki: A disappearing language of Vanuatu. Pacific Linguistics, 522. Canberra: Australian National University. ISBN 0-85883-493-6.. See also entry m̈ana in Araki-English online dictionary.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996, p. 19.
- ↑ Olson et al. 2009, p. 523.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Rosemary Beam de Azcona, Sound Symbolism. Available at "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-06-23. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
References
change- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
- Maddieson, Ian (1988). "Linguo-labials". In Harlow, Ray; Hooper, Robin (eds.). VICAL 1: Oceanic Languages: Papers from the Fifth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics: Part Two. Auckland: Linguistic Society of New Zealand. pp. 349–375.
- Olson, Kenneth; Reiman, D. William; Sabio, Fernando; da Silva, Filipe Alberto (2009). "The voiced linguolabial plosive in Kajoko". Proceedings of the Chicago Linguistic Society. 45 (1): 519–530.