List of governors of Puerto Rico
Wikimedia list article
The following list are the people who became the Governor of Puerto Rico.
List of Governors of Puerto Rico
changeCentury 16th – 17th – 18th – 19th – 20th – 21st |
Governors under Spanish Crown
change№ | Portrait | Governor (Birth–Death) |
Took office | Left office | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Captain General Don
Juan Ponce de León (1st time) |
1508 | 1509 | [1][2] | |
2 | Juan Cerón | 1509 | 1510 | [3] | |
3 | Captain General Don
Juan Ponce de León (2nd time) |
1510 | 1511 | [1] | |
4 | Juan Cerón | 1511 | 1512 | [2][3] | |
5 | Rodrigo Moscoso | 1512 | 1513 | [4] | |
6 | Captain General
Cristóbal de Mendoza |
1513 | 1515 | [5][2] | |
7 | Captain General Don
Juan Ponce de León (3rd time) |
1515 | 1519 | [4] | |
8 | Sánchez Velázquez | 1514 | 1519 | [2][5] | |
9 | Antonio de la Gama | 1519 | 1521 | [2][5] | |
10 | Pedro Moreno | 1521 | 1523 | [2][5] | |
11 | Bishop | 1523 | 1524 | [5] | |
12 | Pedro Moreno | 1524 | 1528 | [2][5] | |
13 | Antonio de la Gama | 1528 | 1530 | [2][5] | |
14 | Lieutenant General
Francisco Manuel de Landó |
1530 | 1536 | [2][5] | |
15 | Vasco de Tiedra | 1536 | 1537 | [2][5] | |
16 | Vasco de Tiedra | 1537 | 1544 | [5] | |
17 | Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones | 1544 | 1544 | [2][5] | |
18 | Lcdo.
Iñigo López Cervantes y Loayza |
1544 | 1546 | [5] | |
19 | Lcdo.
Diego de Caraza |
1546 | 1548 | [5] | |
20 | Diego de Caraza | 1548 | 1550 | [5] | |
21 | Luis de Vallejo | 1550 | 1555 | [2][5] | |
22 | Lcdo.
Alonso Esteves |
1555 | 1555 | [5] | |
23 | Lcdo.
Diego de Caraza |
1555 | 1561 | [5] | |
24 | Antonio de la Llama Vallejo | 1561 | 1564 | [5] | |
25 | 1564 | 1568 | [5] | ||
26 | Francisco de Solís Osorio | 1568 | 1574 | [5] | |
27 | Francisco de Obando y Mexia | 1575 | 1579 | [5] | |
28 | Juan Ponce de León II | 1579 | 1579 | [6] | |
29 | Jerónimo de Agüero Campuzano | 1580 | 1580 | [5] | |
30 | Captain General
Juan de Céspedes |
1580 | 1581 | [2][5] | |
31 | Captain General
Juan López Melgarejo |
1581 | 1582 | [5][7] | |
32 | Captain General
Diego Menéndez de Valdés |
1582 | 1593 | [2][5][8] | |
33 | Colonel
Pedro Suárez de Coronel (1st time) |
1593 | 1597 | [2][5] | |
34 | Captain General
Antonio de Mosquera |
1597 | 1598 | [5] | |
35 | Colonel
Pedro Suárez de Coronel (2nd time) |
1597-8 | 1599 | [5] | |
36 | Captain General
Alonso de Mercado |
1599 | 1602 | [2][5] | |
37 | Captain General
Sancho Ochoa de Castro |
1602 | 1608 | [2][5] | |
38 | Gabriel de Rojas Párano | 1608 | 1614 | [5] | |
39 | Captain General Felipe de Beaumont y Navarra[2] | 1614 | 1620 | [5] | |
40 | Juan de Vargas | 1620 | 1625 | [2][5] | |
41 | Captain General Juan de Haro y Sanvítores | 1625 | 1630 | [2][5] | |
42 | Captain General Enrique Enriquez de Sotomayor | 1631 | 1635 | [5] | |
43 | Captain General Iñigo de la Mota Sarmiento | 1635 | 1641 | [2][5] | |
44 | Captain General Agustín de Silva y Figueroa | 1641 | 1641 | [5] | |
45 | Captain General Juan de Bolaños | 1642 | 1643 | [5] | |
46 | Fernando de la Riva Agüero y Setien | 1643 | 1648 | [2][5] | |
47 | Diego de Aguilera y Gamboa | 1649 | 1655 | [5] | |
48 | José Novoa y Moscoso Pérez y Buitron | 1655 | 1660 | [5] | |
49 | Captain General Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Chagoyen | 1660 | 1664 | [2][5] | |
50 | Jerónimo de Velasco | 1664 | 1670 | [2][5] | |
51 | Gaspar de Arteaga y Aunoavidao | 1670 | 1674 | [9][2] | |
52 | Diego Roblandillo | 1674 | 1674 | [2][9] | |
53 | Captain General Baltazar Figueroa y Castilla | 1674 | 1674 | [2][9] | |
54 | Alonso de Campos y Espinosa | 1675 | 1678 | [2][9] | |
55 | Juan de Robles Lorenzana | 1678 | 1683 | [2][9] | |
56 | Captain General Gaspar Martínez de Andino | 1683 | 1685 | [2][9] | |
57 | Juan Francisco Medina | 1685 | 1690 | [9] | |
58 | Gaspar de Arredondo y Valle | 1690 | 1695 | [2][9] | |
59 | Juan Francisco Medina | 1695 | 1697 | [9] | |
60 | Tomás Franco | 1697 | 1698 | [2][9] | |
61 | Antonio de Robles Silva | 1698 | 1699 | [2][9] | |
62 | Gabriel Suárez de Ribera | 1700 | 1703 | [9] | |
63 | Diego Jiménez de Villarán | 1703 | 1703 | [2][9] | |
64 | Francisco Sánchez Calderón | 1703 | 1703 | [2][9] | |
65 | Pedro Arroyo y Guerrero | 1704 | 1705 | [2][9] | |
66 | Juan Francisco López de Morla | 1706 | 1706 | [2][9] | |
67 | Francisco Danío Granados | 1706 | 1708 | [2][9] | |
68 | Colonel Juan de Ribera | 1709 | 1715 | [2][9] | |
69 | José Francisco Carreño | 1716 | 1716 | [2][9] | |
70 | Alfonso Bortodano | 1716 | 1720 | [9] | |
71 | Francisco Danio Granados | 1720 | 1724 | [2][9] | |
72 | Captain General José Antonio de Mendizabal y Azcue | 1724 | 1730 | [2][9] | |
73 | Lieutenant Colonel Matías de Abadía | 1731 | 1743 | [2][9] | |
74 | Domingo Pérez de Mandares | 1743 | 1744 | [9] | |
75 | Colonel Juan José Colomo | 1744 | 1750 | [2][9] | |
76 | Colonel Agustín de Parejas | 1750 | 1751 | [2][9] | |
77 | Lieutenant Colonel Esteban Bravo de Rivero | 1751 | 1753 | [2][9] | |
78 | Captain General Felipe Ramírez de Estenos | 1753 | 1757 | [2][9] | |
79 | Esteban Bravo de Rivero | 1757 | 1759 | [9] | |
80 | Mateo de Guaso Calderón | 1759 | 1760 | [2][9] | |
81 | Esteban Bravo de Rivero | 1760 | 1761 | [9] | |
82 | Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio de Benavides | 1761 | 1766 | [9] | |
83 | Colonel Marcos de Vergara | 1766 | 1766 | [2][9] | |
84 | Lieutenant Colonel José Trentor | 1766 | 1770 | [2][9] | |
85 | Colonel Miguel de Muesas | 1769 | 1776 | [9][10][2] | |
86 | Colonel José Dufresne | 1776 | 1783 | [2][9] | |
87 | Field Marshal Don Juan Andrés Daban y Busterino | 1783 | 1789 | [2][9] | |
88 | Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles | 1789 | 1789 | [9] | |
89 | Brigadier General Miguel Antonio de Ustariz | 1789 | 1792 | [2][4] | |
90 | Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles | 1792 | 1794 | [2][9] | |
91 | Brigadier General Enrique Grimarest | 1794 | 1795 | [4] | |
92 | Field Marshal Don Ramón de Castro y Gutiérrez | 1795 | 1804 | [2][9] | |
93 | Toribio Montes | 1804 | 1809 | [9] | |
94 | Salvador Meléndez Bruna | 1809 | 1820 | [9][11][2] | |
95 | Brigadier General Juan Vasco y Pascual | March 24, 1820 | August 7, 1820 | [2][9] | |
96 | Brigadier General Gonzalo Arostegui y Herrera | August 7, 1820 | February 12, 1822 | [2][9] | |
97 | Coronel José de Navarro | February 12, 1822 | May 30, 1822 | [2][9] | |
98 | Francisco González de Linares | May 30, 1822 | December 4, 1823 | [9] | |
99 | Lieutenant General Miguel Luciano de La Torre y Pando | December 4, 1823 | 1837 | [2][9] | |
100 | Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto | 1837 | 1838 | [9] | |
101 | Field Marshal Miguel López de Baños | 1838 | 1841 | [2][9] | |
102 | Lieutenant General Santiago Méndez de Vigo | 1841 | 1844 | [2][9] | |
103 | Lieutenant General Rafael de Aristegui y Vélez | 1844 | 1847 | [9] | |
104 | Field Marshal Don Juan Prim de Prats y Gonzalez | 1847 | 1848 | [12] | |
105 | Lieutenant General Juan de la Pezuela y Cevallos | 1848 | 1851 | [4][13] | |
106 | Enrique de España y Taberner | 1851 | 1852 | [4] | |
107 | Lieutenant General Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero | 1852 | 1855 | [4] | |
108 | Lieutenant General Andrés García Camba | 1855 | 1855 | [4] | |
109 | Lieutenant General José Lemery Ibrarrola Ney y Gonzalez | 1855 | 1857 | [4] | |
110 | Lieutenant General Fernando Cotoner y Chacon | 1857 | 1860 | [4] | |
111 | Sabino Gamir Maladen | 1860 | 1860 | [4] | |
112 | Lieutenant General Rafael Echague y Bermingham | 1860 | 1862 | [4] | |
113 | Brigadier General Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez | 1862 | 1863 | [4] | |
114 | Lieutenant General Félix María de Messina Iglesias | April 1862 | November 1865 | [4] | |
115 | Lieutenant General José María Marchessi y Oleaga | 1865 | 1867 | [4] | |
116 | General Julián Juan Pavia Lacy | 1867 | 1868 | [4] | |
117 | General José Laureano Sanz y Posse | 1868 | 1870 | [4][14] | |
118 | Lieutenant General Gabriel Baldrich | 1870 | 1871 | [4] | |
119 | General Ramón Gómez Pulido | 1871 | 1872 | [4] | |
120 | General Simón de la Torre Ormaza | 1872 | 1872 | [4] | |
121 | Brigadier General Joaquín Eurile Hernan | 1872 | 1873 | [4] | |
122 | Lieutenant General Juan Martínez Plowes | 1873 | 1873 | [4] | |
123 | General Rafael Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte | 1873 | 1874 | [4] | |
124 | General José Laureano Sanz y Posse | 1875 | 1875 | [4][14] | |
125 | General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez | 1875 | 1877 | [4] | |
126 | General Manuel de la Serna Hernandez y Pinzón | 1877 | 1878 | [4] | |
127 | General José Gamir Maladen | 1878 | 1878 | [4] | |
128 | General Eulogio Despujols y Dussay | 1878 | 1881 | [4] | |
129 | General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez | 1881 | 1883 | [4] | |
130 | General Miguel de la Vega Inclán y Palma | 1883 | 1884 | [4] | |
131 | General Don Carlos Suances Campos | 1884 | 1884 | [4] | |
132 | General Ramón Fajardo Izquierdo | 1884 | 1884 | [4] | |
133 | General Luis Daban y Ramírez de Arellanó | 1884 | 1887 | [4] | |
134 | General Romualdo Palacios Gonzalez | 1887 | 1887 | [4] | |
135 | General Juan Contreras Martinez | 1887 | 1888 | [4] | |
136 | General Pedro Ruiz Dana | 1888 | 1890 | [4] | |
137 | Brigadier General José Pascual Bonanza | 1890 | 1890 | [4] | |
138 | General José Lasso y Pérez | 1890 | 1893 | [4] | |
139 | General Antonio Daban y Ramírez de Arrellanó | 1893 | 1895 | [4] | |
140 | General José Gamir | 1895 | 1896 | [4] | |
141 | General Emilio March | 1896 | 1896 | [4] | |
142 | General Sabas Marín González | 1896 | 1898 | [15] | |
143 | General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez | 1898 | 1898 | [16] | |
144 | General Andrés González Muñoz | 1898 | 1898 | [17][18] | |
145 | General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez | 1898 | 1898 | [16] | |
146 | General Manuel Macías Casado | 1898 | 1898 | [19] | |
147 | General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez | 1898 | 1898 | [16] |
Governors under U.S. colonial administration
changeMilitary government
change№ | Image | Name | Took office | Left office | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Commanding General Nelson A. Miles | 1898 | 1898 | ||
2 | Major General John R. Brooke | 1898 | 1898 | [20] | |
3 | Major General Guy Vernor Henry | 1898 | 1899 | [21] | |
4 | Major General George Whitefield Davis | 1899 | 1900 | [4] |
Post-Foraker Act of 1900
change№ | Image | Name | Took office | Left office | Notes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Charles Herbert Allen | May 1, 1900 | September 15, 1901 | First U.S. civil governor appointed by President William McKinley | [22] | |
2 | William Henry Hunt | September 15, 1901 | July 4, 1904 | [23] | ||
3 | Beekman Winthrop | July 4, 1904 | April 17, 1907 | [5] | ||
4 | Regis Henri Post | 1907 | 1909 | [5] | ||
5 | George Radcliffe Colton | 1909 | 1913 | [5] | ||
6 | Arthur Yager | 1913 | 1921 | [24] | ||
7 | José E. Benedicto | 1921 | 1921 | Interim governor | [5] | |
8 | Emmet Montgomery Reily | July 30, 1921 | March 1923 | [25] | ||
9 | Juan Bernardo Huyke | March 1923 | April 1, 1923 | Interim governor | [5] | |
10 | Horace Mann Towner | April 1, 1923 | September 29, 1929 | [26] | ||
11 | James R. Beverley | 1929 | September 9, 1929 | [5] | ||
12 | Theodore Roosevelt Jr. | September 9, 1929 | January 1932 | [27] | ||
13 | James R. Beverley 2nd Term | January 1932 | July 3, 1933 | [5] | ||
14 | Robert Hayes Gore | July 3, 1933 | January 11, 1934 | [28] | ||
15 | Benjamin Jason Horton | January 11, 1934 | February 5, 1934 | [5] | ||
16 | Blanton C. Winship | February 5, 1934 | June 25, 1939 | Summarily removed by President Roosevelt on May 12, 1939.[29][30] | [31] | |
17 | José E. Colón | June 25, 1939 | September 11, 1939 | Interim governor | [4] | |
18 | William D. Leahy | September 11, 1939 | November 28, 1940 | [32] | ||
19 | José Miguel Gallardo | November 28, 1940 | February 1941 | Interim governor | [4] | |
20 | Guy J. Swope | February 1941 | July 24, 1941 | [33] | ||
21 | José Miguel Gallardo | July 24, 1941 | September 19, 1941 | Interim governor | [4] | |
22 | Rexford Tugwell | September 19, 1941 | September 2, 1946 | [34] | ||
23 | Jesús T. Piñero | September 2, 1946 | January 2, 1949 | Only native Puerto Rican governor appointed under US colonial administration | [35] |
Governors under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
change Democratic Party (8)
Republican Party (3)
Independent (1)
Notes
change- ↑ Trías Monge (1995) "Aunque se le percibía como Demócrata e influía decisivamente en las gestiones del Partido Demócrata de Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín nunca se afilió formalmente a ese partido ni participó en actividad alguna de los partidos políticos estadounidenses."[37]
- ↑ Metro (2012) "Desde la presidencia de Lyndon B. Johnson ona el gobernación de Roberto Sánchez Vilella, no teníamos un presidente demócrata en Washington y un gobernador demócrata en San Juan."[39]
- ↑ Fernós (2003) "[...]su dirigente Don Luis A. Ferré, presidente del Partido Republicano en Puerto Rico."[41]
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Montalvo (2012) "Carlos Romero Barceló y Rafael Hernández Colón son de partidos contrarios en la Isla, pero demócratas en la política estadounidense."[44]
- ↑ Castilla y León. "[Calderón] pertenece al Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico y al Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos."[49]
- ↑ DARN (2011) "[Acevedo Vilá] was an active member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors Association and the Democratic Governors Association."[51]
- ↑ Varela (2013) "[...] Governor Alejandro Padilla, a Democrat [...]"[53]
- ↑ As Secretary of State, succeeded to the office following the resignation of Ricardo Rosselló. Shortly thereafter, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled that his assumption of the office was unconstitutional because his nomination as Secretary of State was never confirmed by the Legislature.[55]
- ↑ As Justice Secretary, succeeded to the office following the resignation of Ricardo Rosselló and the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico's ruling that Pedro Pierluisi's succession was invalid because he had not been constitutionally appointed as Secretary of State.[55]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Ponce de León, Juan". Infoplease. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 2.36 2.37 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 2.42 2.43 2.44 2.45 2.46 2.47 2.48 2.49 2.50 2.51 2.52 2.53 2.54 2.55 2.56 2.57 2.58 2.59 2.60 2.61 2.62 Blanch, José (December 23, 1894). "Directorio comercial é industrial de la isla de Puerto-Rico para 1894. Formado con relaciones oficiales remitidas por los sres. alcaldes municipales de cada localidad" (in Spanish). Puerto-Rico, "La correspondencia". p. 8 – via Internet Archive.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Puerto Rico in the Great Depression". New Deal Network. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 4.25 4.26 4.27 4.28 4.29 4.30 4.31 4.32 4.33 4.34 4.35 4.36 4.37 4.38 4.39 4.40 4.41 4.42 4.43 4.44 "Governors of Puerto Rico - Under Spanish Rule". El Boricua. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 "Puerto Rico - Chronology". World's Statesmen. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ Casa Blanca reveals centuries of San Juan history Archived 2009-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ Soler, L.M.D. (1970). Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico, Editorial Universitaria. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8477-0095-0. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
- ↑ "Diego Menéndez de Valdés". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved December 24, 2019.
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.43 9.44 9.45 9.46 9.47 9.48 9.49 9.50 "Governantes de Puerto Rico" (in Spanish). Link to Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ Ortiz, Altagracia (January 1, 1983). Eighteenth-century Reforms in the Caribbean: Miguel de Muesas, Governor of Puerto Rico, 1769-76. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3008-2.
- ↑ "El capitan general de la Isla de Puerto Rico a todos los vecinos y habitantes de ella : Puerto Rico. Governor (1809-1820 : Meléndez y Bruna)". Internet Archive (in Spanish). October 23, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
- ↑ "Rafael Cordero Molina: Maestro de proceres, Siervo de Dios" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "A Sketch of the New Spanish Ministers". Empire. December 31, 1856. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 "José Laureano Sanz Posse". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2019.
- ↑ "Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances" (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VII" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
- ↑ "Teniente general Andrés González Muñoz" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Puerto Rico's New Governor". timesmachine nytimes.
- ↑ "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VI" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "John R. Brooke". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Guy Vernor Henry". Arlington National Cemetery Website. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Allen, Charles Herbert, (1848 - 1934)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Hunt, William Henry". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Arthur Yager 1908-1913". Georgetown College. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "The Architecture of Power". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Towner, Horace Mann, (1855 - 1937)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "TR's Family Tree". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ Washington Post (1933), "Warren D. Robbins Minister to Canada; White House Also Chooses Robert H. Gore as Governor of Puerto Rico", Washington Post, no. April 29, 1933, p. 2
- ↑ Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico, editor. 70 pages. May 22, 1937. Published by The Law Library Microform Consortium (LLMC). Archived December 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Accessed on October 30, 2010.
- ↑ Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. Five Years of Tyranny. Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives. Cheverote Productions. 14 August 1939. Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record August 14, 1939. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
- ↑ Vito Marcantonio. "Five Years of Tyranny". Cheverote Productions. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "William D. Leahy - Biography". Williamdleahy.com (official web site). Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Swope, Guy Jacob, (1892 - 1969)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Rexford G. Tugwell (1891-1979)". The Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Jesus T. Piñero". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Luis Muñoz Marín - Biografia". Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ Trías Monge, José (1995). Historia Constitucional de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Vol. V. La Editorial. ISBN 9780847702084. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ Luis R. Negrón. "Roberto Sánchez Vilella" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Líderes populares reclaman a Cox Alomar para Oficina de PR en Washington". Metro Puerto Rico. Metro International. December 20, 2012. Archived from the original on February 25, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ "Luis A. Ferré". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ Fernós, Antonio (2003). Ser Nosotros Mismos!: La Angustiosa Lucha Del Pueblo Puertorriqueño Por Su Soberanía Nacional (in Spanish). La Editorial. ISBN 9780847701421. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Rafael Hernández Colón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Rafael Hernández Colón, former governor of Puerto Rico, dies at 82". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ↑ Montalvo, Iza (October 8, 2012). "Exgobernadores de PR visitan Florida en campaña por Obama". La Opinión (in Spanish).
- ↑ "Romero-Barceló, Carlos Antonio, (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Pedro Rosselló" (in Spanish). Senado de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Hon. Pedro Rosselló - Resumen Biográfico" (in Spanish). 1998. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
[Rosselló es] Vicepresidente de la Asociación de Gobernadores Demócratas.
- ↑ "Sila Maria Calderón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Calderón Serra, Sila María" (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ "Acevedo-Vilá, Aníbal, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
- ↑ "Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá to Present at DANR Leadership Forum in Puerto Rico". Dominican American National Roundtable. August 7, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ "WSJ: Luis Fortuno is a Republican Star". Republican Governors Association. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ Varela, Julio (May 22, 2013). "Opinion: For Puerto Rico to ever progress, the politics of status must disappear". NBC Latino. NBC. Archived from the original on August 13, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 "Ricky Rosselló | Democratic Governors Association". Democratic Governors Association. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Romo, Vanessa; Gonzales, Richard (August 7, 2019). "Puerto Rico's Justice Secretary Wanda Vázquez Sworn In As Governor". NPR.org. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
- ↑ "La gobernadora Wanda Vázquez se "inclina hacia la filosofía republicana"". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved August 21, 2019.