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Italian Mogadiscio

overview of the Mogadishu under Italian rule
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Mogadiscio was the name of Mogadishu, capital of Somalia, when it was under Italy's rule from 1905 until 1947.[1] The Italian influence in Mogadishu lasted 80 years, from 1880 until 1960. The city grew from a small city of just two thousand inhabitants to a metropolis of nearly half a million "mogadiscians" in the metropolitan area.

Italian era Arch in Mogadishu (2007)

History

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The ancient city of Mogadishu was under Italian colonial rule/influence for nearly seventy years, from the 1880s until after the end of WW2. In 1905 it was declared capital of the newly created Somalia Italiana.

The first Italian to write about Mogadiscio was Marco Polo, who knew of the city during his merchant travels in Asia. But only in the late XIX century the commerce company "Filonardi" from Italy took control of facilities in the port of Mogadishu.

By 1882, Mogadishu was under the joint control of the Somali Geledi Sultanate (which was also holding sway over the Shebelle Valley region in the interior called Benadir) and the Omani Sultan of Zanzibar.[2] In 1885, Ali bin Said leased the city to an Italian chartered company owned by Vincenzo Filonardi. This "Compagnia Filonardi" (1893-96) and later the "Società Anonima Commerciale Italiana del Benadir" (1899-1905) was taken over by the Italian government. They got control of the entire region of Benadir with the port of Mogadishu through an agreement with the British government in 1892. From 3 August 1889 to 15 May 1893 Filonardi was the first Governor of the "Somalia italiana". He was governor again from 1896 to 1897.

The Kingdom of Italy purchased the city in 1905 and made Mogadishu the capital of the newly established Italian Somaliland. The Italians subsequently referred to the city as Mogadiscio.

The city was modernized in the early 1910s with the creation of the first sewage system, the first hospital, the first paved roads and new electricity facilities. In the 1920s the Italians created the first airport and enlarged the "Port of Mogadishu".

From 5 April 1908 to 5 May 1936, the Royal Corps of Somali Colonial Troops, originally called the "Guard Corps of Benadir", served as the territory's formal military corps with headquarters in Mogadiscio. At the start the force had 2,600 Italian officers.[3] Between 1911 and 1912, over 1,000 Somalis from Mogadishu served as combat units along with Eritrean and Italian soldiers in the Italo-Turkish War.[4] Most of the troops stationed never returned home until they were transferred back to Italian Somaliland in preparation for the Second Italo-Ethiopian War in 1935.[5]

1920s

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In November 1920, the Banca d'Italia, the first modern bank in Italian Somaliland, was established in Mogadishu.[6][7]

On December 5, 1923, Cesare Maria De Vecchi was named Governor in charge of the new colonial administration.He promoted the process of complete pacification of the Somalia italiana, with the initial integration of the native population. Italian colonial policy followed two principles in Italian Somaliland: preservation of the dominant clan and ethnic configurations and respect for Islam as the territory's religion.[8]

In 1928, the Italian authorities built the Mogadishu Cathedral (Cattedrale di Mogadiscio). It was constructed in a Norman Gothic style, based on the Cefalù Cathedral in Cefalù, Sicily.[9] Following its establishment, Crown Prince Umberto II of Italy made his first publicized visit to Mogadishu.[10][11] To commemorate the visit, the Arch of Umberto was built.[11] The arch was built at the center of Mogadishu Garden.[12] The Mogadishu International Airport was constructed that same year. The facility was regarded as one of the finest in the region.

 
The center of Mogadiscio in 1936

In 1929 was published in Mogadiscio the first newspaper of Somalia: Il Corriere della Somalia. It was initially in Italian language (but after 1941 -during WW2- was written also in english and arabic).

In the early 1930s, the new Italian Governors, Guido Corni and Maurizio Rava, started a policy of full assimilation of the Somalis. Many Somalis were enrolled in the Italian colonial troops. Thousands of Italian colonists moved to live in Mogadishu. The city grew in size and some small manufacturing companies opened up. The Italians also settled in agricultural areas around the capital, such as Jowhar and Janale (Genale).[13]

"Mogadiscio" was the only name of Mogadishu, the capital of Somalia, when it was under Italy's rule from 1905 until February 1947. The only official language in those years was the Italian language.

1930s

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In 1930, there were 22,000 Italians living in Italian Somaliland, representing 2% of the territory's population. The majority lived in Mogadishu, with other Italian communities concentrated in Jowhar (Villabruzzi), Adale (Itala), Janale (Genale), Jamame and Kismayo.[14][15] In the mid' 1930s the Italian community of Mogadishu started the first football championships in Somalia: their main team was AC Mogadiscio.

By 1935, Mogadishu began to serve as a major naval base and port for the Italians.[16] Then Prime Minister of Italy Benito Mussolini regarded Greater Somalia (La Grande Somalia) with capital Mogadiscio as the crown jewel in Italy's colonial empire in eastern Africa. From 1936 to 1940, new roads were constructed in the region around Mogadiscio, such as the "Imperial Road" from Mogadishu to Addis Abeba. New railways (114 km from Mogadishu to Jowhar) and many schools, hospitals, ports and bridges were also built.[17]

1940s

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In March 1941 Mogadiscio was occupied by the British Army. Because of security reasons, nearly all the Italians of Somalia moved to live in Mogadiscio, so consequently in 1942 it was a city where the Italians were nearly half the population and where Catholicism was the religion of nearly 60% of the inhabitants. According to reports of the British authorities, Mogadiscio in 1942 looked mostly like an european city (nicknamed "the white pearl of the Indian Ocean").

After WW2, in February 1947 the Italian government signed the Peace Treaty (surrendering all colonies) and "Italian Mogadiscio" ceased to exist.

After 1950s

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In 1950 the Italians returned to rule the city under mandate of the ONU for another ten years until 1960. In the 10 years of the Italian mandate the country experience huge improvements, from economy and education to sports (for example with the creation of the first football teams, like the Genio Officina and the AC Mogadiscio. The first university in Somalia was created with courses linked to the Italian university of Rome.

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References

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  1. ↑ Italian Mogadishu[permanent dead link]
  2. ↑ I. M. Lewis, A modern history of Somalia: nation and state in the Horn of Africa, (Westview Press: 1988), p.38
  3. ↑ Hess, Robert L. (1966). Italian colonialism in Somalia. University of Chicago Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780317113112.
  4. ↑ W. Mitchell. Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard, Volume 57, Issue 2. p. 997.
  5. ↑ Makin, William James (1935). War Over Ethiopia. Jarrolds. p. 227.
  6. ↑ Kusow, Abdi (2004). Putting the cart before the horse: contested nationalism and the crisis of the nation-state in Somalia. Red Sea Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-56902-202-3.
  7. ↑ Ali, Salah Mohamed (2005). Huddur & the history of Southern Somalia. Nahda Bookshop Publisher. p. 68. ISBN 9789772004997.
  8. ↑ Ben-Ghiat, p. 311
  9. ↑ Tebaldi, Giovanni (2001). Consolata Missionaries in the World (1901-2001. Paulines. p. 127. ISBN 978-9966-21-023-4.
  10. ↑ Bosworth, R.J.B. (2007). Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915-1945. Penguin. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-101-07857-0.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bridges, Peter (2000). Safirka: An American Envoy. Kent State University Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-0-87338-658-6.
  12. ↑ Omar, Mohamed Osman (1992). The road to zero: Somalia's self-destruction. HAAN Associates. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-874209-75-1.
  13. ↑ Bevilacqua, Piero. Storia dell'emigrazione italiana. p. 233
  14. ↑ "Article with photos on a 2005 visit to 'Villaggio Duca degli Abruzzi' and areas of former Italian Somaliland (in Italian)". Archived from the original on 2018-10-20. Retrieved 2018-07-08.
  15. ↑ "Population of Somalia in 1939". Archived from the original on 2014-11-04. Retrieved 2018-07-08.
  16. ↑ Harkavy, Robert E. (2007). Strategic Basing and the Great Powers, 1200-2000. Routledge. p. 87. ISBN 978-1-134-00375-4.
  17. ↑ Gilbert, Paul S.; Street, Scott Winfield; Blume, Robert A. (1967). Beginning Somali History. Printed at the NTEC Press, National Teacher Education Center. p. 75.

Bibliography

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  • Antonicelli, Franco. Trent'anni di storia italiana 1915 - 1945. Mondadori Editore. Torino, 1961.
  • Hess, Robert L. Italian Colonialism in Somalia. University of Chicago P. Chicago, 1966.
  • Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. St. Martin's P Inc. New York, 1999.
  • Fitzgerald, Nina J. Somalia. Nova Science, Inc. New York, 2002.
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