Mughal—Safavid conflict (1540-1605)
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Mughal-Safavid conflict was fought between the Mughal Empire of Hindustan and Safavid Empire of Persia over Kandahar.[1] Initially the Persians had occupied the city of Kandahar, Akbar and His generals together planned to retake it in the period of 1593, The siege lasted for 2 years and it ended in a victory for Mughals and Kandahar was finally retaken by the Mughals.[2]
| Mughal–Safavid war | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Akbar's Safavid campaign | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Safavid Iran |
 Mughal India | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Abbas the Great Mozaffar Hosayn  |
Akbar the Great Man Singh | ||||||||
Backround
changeKandahar (also known as the ancient Indian kingdom of Gandhara)[3] had connections with the Mughals from the early times. However, the Safavids considered it to be an appanage of the Persian-ruled territory of Khorasan and declared its association with the Mughal emperors to be a usurpation. In 1558, while Akbar was consolidating his rule over northern India, Safavid Shah Tahmasp I seized Kandahar and expelled its Mughal governor. The recovery of Kandahar had not been a priority for Akbar, but after his military activity in the northern frontiers, he moved to restore Mughal control. At the time, the region was also under threat from the Uzbeks, but the Emperor of Persia, himself beleaguered by the Ottoman Turks, was unable to send reinforcements.[7]
Taking of Kandahar
changeIn 1593, Akbar received the exiled Safavid prince, Rostam Mirza.[8] Rostam Mirza pledged allegiance to the Mughals; he was granted a rank (mansab) of command over 5,000 men and received Multan as a jagir.[8] The Safavid prince and governor of Kandahar, Mozaffar Hosayn, also agreed to defect to the Mughals. Hosayn, who was in an adversary relationship with his overlord, Shah Abbas, was granted a rank of 5,000 men, and his daughter Kandahari Begum was married to Akbar's grandson, the Mughal prince Khurram.[9]
[8] Kandahar was secured in 1595 with the arrival of a garrison headed by the Mughal general, Shah Bayg Khan.[8] By the end of this conflict, Kandahar ended up falling to the Mughals.
Now the Indian Mughal empire had expanded through Afghanistan as well as into the Iranian territory[10]
Aftermath
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Kandahar fell to back to the Hindustanis however, the reconquest of Kandahar did not overtly disturb Mughal-Persian relations.[11] Akbar and the Persian Shah continued to exchange ambassadors and presents. However, the power equation between the two had now changed in favour of the Mughals.[12]
Soon, the Persians will try to take Kandahar in 1605 again but would fail.[13] Later on will Succeed in their Second trial in 1623[14] and the conflict over Kandahar will continue.
Subjugation of Balochistan
changeAs early as 1586, about half a dozen Baluchi chiefs, under nominal Pani Afghan rule, had been persuaded to subordinate themselves to Akbar. In preparation for taking Kandahar from the Safavids, Akbar ordered the Mughal forces to conquer the rest of the Afghan-held parts of Baluchistan in 1595.[6] The Mughal general Mir Masum led an attack on the stronghold of Sibi, which was northeast of Quetta, and defeated a coalition of local chieftains in battle.[6] They were required to acknowledge Mughal supremacy and attend Akbar's court. As a result, the modern-day Pakistani and Afghan parts of Baluchistan, including the Makran coast, became a part of the Mughal Empire.[6]
References
change- ↑ Spencer C. Tucker (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 Volumes] · Volume. p. 847. ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1.
A series of conflicts between the Safavid and Mughal Empires fought over possession of the strategic city-fortress of Kandahar in Afghanistan. In 1595 two Safavid princes defected to the Mughal court, surrendering the fortress to Emperor Akbar (1542-1605).
- ↑ Spencer C. Tucker (2019). Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century. An Encyclopedia and Document Collection [4 Volumes] · Volume. p. 847. ISBN 978-1-4408-5353-1.
A series of conflicts between the Safavid and Mughal Empires fought over possession of the strategic city-fortress of Kandahar in Afghanistan. In 1595 two Safavid princes defected to the Mughal court, surrendering the fortress to Emperor Akbar (1542-1605).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Houtsma 1993, p. 711
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Iranica 2011
- ↑ Dhir, Krishna swaroop (January 2022). The wonder that is Urdu. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9781932705546. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Mehta 1984, p. 258
- ↑ Abraham, Eraly (2000). Emperors of the Peacock throne. New Delhi, India ; New York : Penguin Books. ISBN 9781932705546. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Floor, Willem; Edmund Herzig (2012). Iran and the World in the Safavid Age. I.B. Tauris. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-85043-930-1.
- ↑ Abraham, Eraly (2000). Emperors of the Peacock throne. New Delhi, India ; New York : Penguin Books. ISBN 9781932705546. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ↑ Lorentz, John. The A to Z of Iran. p. 283.
As the 17th century unfolded, the Safavid rulers not only had the Ottomans to contend with, but also the new Russian Mus- covy that had deposed of the Golden Horde and expanded to Safavid borders, as well as the Indian Mughal Dynasty that had expanded through Afghanistan and into Iranian territory.
- ↑ Abraham, Eraly (2000). Emperors of the Peacock throne. New Delhi, India ; New York : Penguin Books. ISBN 9781932705546. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ↑ Abraham, Eraly (2000). Emperors of the Peacock throne. New Delhi, India ; New York : Penguin Books. ISBN 9781932705546. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ↑ Andrea, Alfred J. (January 2011). World history encyclopaedia . Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-1-85109-930-6. Retrieved 4 April 2014.
- ↑ Burton 1997, p. 162