Naloxone
Naloxone (often called Narcan), is an opioid antagonist medication. It is used to reverse the effects of opioid painkillers, especially when a person has overdosed on opioids.[1] Examples of opioids include:
- Morphine (often called MSIR or MS Contin)
- Oxycodone (often called Percocet (when mixed with acetaminophen), OxyIR, or OxyContin)
- Hydrocodone (often called Vicodin when mixed with acetaminophen)
- Methadone
- Meperidine (Demerol)
These painkillers are central nervous system depressants. This means they slow down certain areas of the brain. If a person takes too many opiates, this can shut down the part of the brain that controls breathing. The person may become unable to breathe and die.
When a person has taken too much of one of these painkillers, naloxone can reverse the painkillers' effects and save the person's life.
Naloxone may be mixed into the same pill as an opioid painkiller to decrease the risk of misuse.
When given intravenously, naloxone works within two minutes. When injected into a muscle, it works within five minutes.[1] The medication may also be shot up the nose[2] and this is how it is used the most often.
The effects of naloxone last about 30 minutes to an hour.[3] Since most opioids last longer than naloxone, a person may need several doses of naloxone to fight the effects of an overdose.[1]
The way that naloxone works
changeWhen a person takes opioids, the opioids have to attach to certain receptor sites in the brain in order to work, like a lock in a keyhole. Once the opioids attach to these opiate receptor sites - like a lock fitting into a keyhole - the opiates start to work. Opiates and opioids also act on other receptors. They block pain, create euphoria, and make people feel calm and relaxed. But if a person takes too many opiates or too much, that can also make it impossible to breathe,[1] for example when the diaphragm (a muscle) relaxes too much along with the other muscles.
Naloxone fits better onto these opiate receptor sites than actual opiates do. It is an opioid antagonist. If a person takes naloxone, the naloxone will throw any opiate off of the opiate receptor sites (like a key getting taken out of a door). Naloxone will stay attached to these opiate receptor sites. This reverses the effects of the opiates that the person took.
Side effects
changeNaloxone reverses the effects of opiates. Because of this, if a person who is addicted to opiates gets naloxone, they will have symptoms of opioid withdrawal. People have withdrawal symptoms when their body gets used to having opiates all the time.
Because naloxone reverses the effects of opiates, the side effects of naloxone can include restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, pain, and sweating. To prevent this, small doses every few minutes can be given until the desired effect is reached.
Naloxone has to be given carefully to people with heart disease. Naloxone can cause more heart problems, like changes in the rhythm of the heart beat, in these people.[1]
Naloxone seems to be safe in pregnant women.[4] Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist.
In rare cases, naloxone causes seizures and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs).[5][6]
History
changeNaloxone was patented in 1961 by Jack Fishman, Mozes J. Lewenstein, and the company Daiichi Sankyo. The drug was approved for opioid overdose by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971.[7] It is on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[8]
Naloxone is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.[1][9] Its wholesale price (as of 2015) is between $0.50 and $5.30 USD per dose.[10]
Medical uses
changeOpiate overdose
changeNaloxone can be used to reverse opioid overdose and to reduce the slowed breathing or mental depression that opioids can cause.[1]
Naloxone is included as a part of emergency overdose response kits distributed to heroin and other opioid drug users. This has been shown to reduce deaths due to overdose.[11]
A prescription for naloxone is recommended if a person is:[12]
- On a high dose of opioid (over 100 mg of morphine a day, or an equal amount of another opiate);
- Is prescribed any dose of opioid along with a benzodiazepine; or
- Is suspected or known to abuse opioids
If naloxone is prescribed to a person, that person should also be taught about how to prevent, identify, and react to an overdose, including how to perform rescue breathing, CPR, and how to call an emergency telephone number like 9-1-1.[13]
Preventing opioid abuse
changeNaloxone may be mixed with a number of opioids like buprenorphine. (Buprenorphine mixed with naloxone is called Suboxone.) Buprenorphine is used to decrease cravings for opiates. When buprenorphine and naloxone are mixed, and taken by mouth, only buprenorphine has an effect. But if a person misuses Suboxone by injecting it or taking large doses, the naloxone blocks the effect of the opioid.[1][14] This combination is used to try to prevent abuse.[14]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "Naloxone Hydrochloride". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Jan 2, 2015.
- ↑ Roberts, James R. (2014). Roberts and Hedges' clinical procedures in emergency medicine (6 ed.). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 476. ISBN 9781455748594.
- ↑ Bosack, Robert (2015). Anesthesia Complications in the Dental Office. John Wiley & Sons. p. 191. ISBN 9781118828625.
- ↑ "Prescribing medicines in pregnancy database". Australian Government. 3 March 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ↑ "Naloxone Side Effects in Detail". Drugs.com. Retrieved 5 May 2015.
- ↑ Schwartz JA, Koenigsberg MD (November 1987). "Naloxone-induced pulmonary edema". Ann Emerg Med. 16 (11): 1294–6. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(87)80244-5. PMID 3662194.
- ↑ Yardley, William (14 December 2013). "Jack Fishman Dies at 83; Saved Many From Overdose". New York Times. Retrieved 2015-07-06.
- ↑ "WHO Model List of EssentialMedicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ↑ Hamilton, Richard J. (2013). Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2014 classic shirt-pocket edition (28 ed.). Sudbury: Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 174. ISBN 9781284053982.
- ↑ "Naloxone HCL". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Retrieved 13 August 2015.[permanent dead link]
- ↑ Maxwell S, Bigg D, Stanczykiewicz K, Carlberg-Racich S (2006). "Prescribing naloxone to actively injecting heroin users: a program to reduce heroin overdose deaths". J Addict Dis. 25 (3): 89–96. doi:10.1300/J069v25n03_11. PMID 16956873. S2CID 17246459.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Lazarus P (2007). "Project Lazarus, Wilkes County, North Carolina: Policy Briefing Document Prepared for the North Carolina Medical Board in Advance of the Public Hearing Regarding Prescription Naloxone". Raleigh, NC: 8.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Bowman S, Eiserman J, Beletsky L, Stancliff S, Bruce RD (July 2013). "Reducing the health consequences of opioid addiction in primary care". Am. J. Med. 126 (7): 565–71. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.11.031. PMID 23664112.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ 14.0 14.1 Orman, JS; Keating, GM (2009). "Buprenorphine/naloxone: a review of its use in the treatment of opioid dependence". Drugs. 69 (5): 577–607. doi:10.2165/00003495-200969050-00006. PMID 19368419. S2CID 209147406.