Paximathia
Paximathia, or Paximadia (Greek: παξιμάδια; singular: paximathi/paximadi), are hard breads of Greek origin. They are made from wheat, chickpea, or barley-flour.[1][2][3] Paximathia are seen as similar to biscotti or type of biscotti.[4] They are sold in many Greek bakeries and are a common food in Greece often served as breakfast with marmalade or cheese.[1][5] Paximathia are also supplied in Greek stores in many parts of the United States.[5]
History
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The name paximathia comes from the Greek word paximadion (παξιμάδιον), which comes from a 1st-century Greek named Paxamus who wrote a cookbook.[6] The word first appears in a recipe for laxative biscuits written by the Greek doctor Galen.[7]
Paximathia were eaten by Greek farmers,[5] the Byzantine army, and priests.[8] Greek farmers would eat paximathia in their fields after softening them by soaking them in water and olive oil.[1][5] They sometimes ate them with other foods like homemade cheese and a few olives.[5] Paximathia used to be baked outdoors in ovens around every ten to fifteen days, after which the bread would be sliced into thick wedges and put back into the ovens to dry.[1][5] They were an important food for the people of Crete.[3]
Making and types
changePaximathia are made with wheat, chickpea, or barley-flour.[1] Other ingredients used may include eggs, vegetable oil, cinnamon, cloves, and orange zest.[9] Today, paximathia are usually baked overnight in ovens that have been turned off, whereby the bread is cooked from the remaining heat.[5] This method cooks the bread to a dry state without creating brittleness that can cause crumbling.[5] Paximathia is sometimes broken into pieces and served in salads after being moistened.[5]
Paximathia are in dakos, which is a Greek salad made on the island of Crete. In Crete, a type of paximathi called a koulouri is ring-shaped and served dried with olive oil, oregano and grated tomato.[1] Eptazymo is another type of paximathi made with chickpeas.[5]
Related pages
changeReferences
changeCitations
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Kochilas, Stenos & Pittas 1999, pp. 15–16.
- ↑ Hoffman & Wise 2004, "Twice-Baked Toasts: Paximadia", pp. 128–129.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kremezi 1997, p. 209.
- ↑ Wisconsin Bed & Breakfast Association 2001, "Paximathia (Biscotti)", p. 125.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 Kochilas 1993, "Paximathia", p. 50.
- ↑ Dalby 1996, pp. 164–165: "Paxamus was a man of wide interests, according to a Byzantine lexicon: 'Paxamus, author. Cookery in alphabetical order. Boeotica in 2 books. The Twelvefold Art: this is about sexual postures. Dyeing, 2 [books]. Farming 2 [books]' (Suda, s.v.)...Paxamus is in a sense still remembered: a barley biscuit, first recorded in the second century and well known in Byzantine and modern Greece, is supposed to have taken its name paxamâs, paximádion from him."
- ↑ Dalby 1996, Endnote #48, p. 257: "The word first occurs in Galen, Handy Remedies 3 [14.537], a recipe for laxative biscuits..."
- ↑ Dalby 1996, p. 196: "The basic food of the Byzantine army was cereal, in several convenient forms. Of great importance was the barley biscuit that was possibly named after the late Hellenistic cook Paxamus (Chapter 7, p. 165). It was probably the food that the future Emperor Justin II, uncle of Justinian, carried in his knapsack, the food that kept him alive on his long walk from Illyria to Constantinople; it was certainly food for soldiers and for frugal priests as well."
- ↑ Quintner 2005.
Sources
change- Dalby, Andrew (1996). Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-13-496985-2.
- Hoffman, Susanna; Wise, Victoria (2004). The Olive and the Caper: Adventures in Greek Cooking. New York, NY: Workman Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-7611-3468-8.
- Kochilas, Diane; Stenos, Vassilis; Pittas, Constantino (1999) [1996]. The Greek Vegetarian: More Than 100 Recipes Inspired by the Traditional Dishes and Flavors of Greece. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-20076-3.
- Kochilas, Diane (1993) [1990]. The Food and Wine of Greece: More Than 250 Classic and Modern Dishes from the Mainland and Islands. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-08783-8.
- Kremezi, Aglaia (1997). "Paximadia (Barley Biscuits): Food for Sailors, Travellers and Poor Islanders". In Walker, Harlan (ed.). Food on the Move: Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery, 1996. Proceedings of the Oxford Symposium on Food and Cookery. Devon: Prospect Books. pp. 208–211. ISBN 978-0-907325-79-6.
- Quintner, Suzanne (2 August 2005). "Paximathia". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
- Wisconsin Bed & Breakfast Association (2001). Morning Menus Inn Style: Menus and Recipes from the Innkeepers of the Wisconsin Bed & Breakfast Association. Woodruff, WI: The Guest Cottage, Inc. ISBN 978-1-930596-04-7.