Brine shrimp
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Brine shrimp are small shrimp that live in salt water. They are the Artemia, a genus of aquatic crustacea which has changed little (externally) since the Triassic period.[1] They can often be found in saltwater ponds and marshes, and cannot live very long in fresh water. Artemia avoid most types of predators, such as fish, because they live in waters of very high salinity: (25 parts per thousand). The optimum for Artemia is 100 to 150 parts per thousand.[2] The shrimp grow to be about one centimeter long. Females tend to be larger than males.
Brine shrimp circulatory and respiratory systems work together to remove extra salt from their body and distribute oxygen. They breathe through gills on their feet. The oxygen taken in is carried through the bloodstream. The heart pumps the blood around the body. Brine shrimp have a protein called hemoglobin in their blood. This helps the oxygen to be more efficiently transported to cells around the body. They need hemoglobin because oxygen levels can be very low in salty water. Then, the gills pump the excess salt, water, and carbon dioxide out of the body. Additional salt is pumped out through exocrine glands.
The brine shrimp's body has a head, thorax, and abdomen. A hard exoskeleton covers the entire body. Inside this exoskeleton, which is made of chitin, is where the brine shrimp’s muscles are located. Their muscles are attached internally. They move by beating their tails and by the continuous movement of the legs along their body.
Reproduction
changeMales differ from females by having the second antennae enlarged, and modified into clasping organs used in mating.[3]
Adult female brine shrimp ovulate about every 140 hours. In favourable conditions, the female brine shrimp can produce eggs that almost immediately hatch. But in extreme conditions, such as low oxygen level or salinity above 150‰, female brine shrimp produce eggs inside cysts. They are metabolically inactive and can remain in total stasis for two years in dry oxygen-free conditions, even at temperatures below freezing. While in cysts, brine shrimp eggs survive temperatures of liquid air (−190 °C or −310 °F) and a small percentage survive above boiling temperature (105 °C or 221 °F) for up to two hours.[4] Once placed in normal briny (salt) water, the eggs hatch within a few hours. The nauplius larvae are less than 0.4 mm in length when they first hatch. Brine shrimp have a biological life cycle of one year
References
change- ↑ Coolidge-Stolz M.D.E. et al. 2007. Life Science. Boston: Pearson.
- ↑ Sorgeloos P; P. Dhert & P. Candreva 2001. Use of the brine shrimp, Artemia spp. in marine fish larviculture. Aquaculture 200: 147–159 [1]
- ↑ Greta E. Tyson & Michael L. Sullivan (1980). "Scanning electron microscopy of the frontal knobs of the male brine shrimp". Transactions of the American Microscopical Society. 99 (2): 167–172. doi:10.2307/3225702. JSTOR 3225702.
- ↑ Whitey Hitchcock. Brine shrimp. Clinton High School Science
Other websites
change- “Brine Shrimp.” Archived 2012-06-16 at the Wayback Machine Great Salt Lake Ecosystem Program. State of Utah, n.d. 18 April 2012.
- Carolina Biological Supply Company[permanent dead link]