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The Story of the Three Bears

fairy tale
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"The Story of the Three Bears" is a literary fairy tale. It was written by Robert Southey and first published in 1837 in a collection of his essays and stories. Southey's story is about an old woman who enters the house of three bachelor bears during their absence. She eats their food, breaks a chair, and sleeps in a bed. She runs away when discovered. In time, the three bachelor bears became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. The old woman became a little girl called Goldilocks. The story supports several interpretations. It has been adapted to animated movies, a live action movie, and a short opera.

"The Story of the Three Bears"
Robert Southey (date unknown)
AuthorRobert Southey
Other titlesThe Three Bears
CountryEngland
LanguageEnglish
CharactersThree Bears
Old Woman
Genre(s)Literary fairy tale
Published inThe Doctor
Publication typeEssay and story collection
PublisherLongman, Rees, etc.
Media typePrint
Publication date1837

Story

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Three male bears—"a Little, Small, Wee Bear ... a Middle-sized Bear ... and a Great, Huge Bear"— live in a house in the woods. They each have a porridge pot, a chair, and a bed. One morning, they take a walk in the woods while their porridge cools. A little old woman—"an impudent, bad old Woman"—enters the house during the bears' absence. She eats the little bear's porridge, breaks his little chair, and falls asleep in his little bed. The bears come home, and discover the old woman asleep. She wakes, sees the bears, jumps out the window, and fall to her death—never to be seen again.[1]

Origin

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"The Story of the Three Bears" was written by English writer Robert Southey.[2] It was published in 1837 his 4-volume collection of essays and stories called The Doctor.[3] Southey probably heard a version of the story as a boy from his uncle William Tyler. It was this version that was probably the basis for the story Southey included in The Doctor.[4] It is unknown where or how his uncle learned the story.[5] Southey had known the story for a long time before he published it. He had been telling it to family and friends since 1813.[6]

 
An illustration from More English Fairy Tales (1894) shows Scrapefoot (a fox) falling from a window.

A very similar version of the story predates Southey's published one of 1837. In 1831, a lady named Eleanor Mure wrote the story in rhyming verse for her nephew's fourth birthday.[5] In both Southey's and Mure's versions, the character who enters the bears' house is an ugly old woman. The two versions differ only in some small details: Southey's bears have porridge, for example, while Mure's bears have milk.[5]

The same year Southey published the story, a rhyming version was written by William Nicol.[5] Southey wrote on 3 July 1837 that he had received Nicol's version. He liked it. He thought it would bring the story more attention from children.[7] Nicol's version was published in 1841 with illustrations.[8]

The story of the three bears resembles parts of "Snow White", or a story from Norway about a princess and three princes dressed in bear skins.[9] Charles Dickens included a story about goblins in his 1865 novel Our Mutual Friend that also resembles "The Three Bears".[10] A story called "Scrapefoot" may be the original for "The Three Bears". This story has a fox (not a human) as the intruder in the bears' house.[5]

Goldilocks

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About 12 years after Southey's story was published, writer Joseph Cundall changed the old woman into a little girl in his book Treasury of Pleasure Books for Young Children. Cundall made this change because there were many children's books about old women at the time.[11] Once the little girl entered the story, she stayed there. She was known over the years as Silverhair, Silverlocks, Goldenlocks, and other names. She finally became Goldilocks sometime in the early 20th century.

In time, the three male bears of Southey's original became Papa, Mama, and Baby Bear. What was once a scary little story about a nosy, ugly old woman and three male bears became a cozy little story about a nosy, pretty little girl and a family of bears. In versions of the story from the Victorian Era, Southey's "[T]here she sate till the bottom of the chair came out, and down came her's, plump upon the ground" was changed to read "and down she came" instead. All mention of the human "bottom" was wiped out.

Interpretations

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Illustration from Childhood's Favorites and Fairy Stories

In The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales (2002), Harvard professor Maria Tatar writes that the story is sometimes regarded as a cautionary tale. It warns children about the dangers of wandering off into unknown places. She points out that the story is often presented today as one about what is "just right" for oneself. In earlier times however, the story was about interfering with someone else's property.[12][13]

In The Uses of Enchantment (1976), child psychologist Bruno Bettelheim discusses Goldilock's struggle to grow beyond her Oedipal issues to confront adolescent identity problems.[14] The story does not encourage children to solve the problems of growing up, Bettelheim writes, and does not end with the traditional "happily ever after" promise for those who solve their Oedipal issues. He believes the tale does not allow the child reader to gain emotional maturity.[15]

Tatar writes, "[Bettelheim's] reading is perhaps too invested in instrumentalizing fairy tales, that is, in turning them into vehicles that convey messages and set forth behavioral models for the child. While the story may not solve oedipal issues or sibling rivalry as Bettelheim believes "Cinderella" does, it suggests the importance of respecting property and the consequences of just 'trying out' things that do not belong to you."[16]

The story supports a Freudian anal stage interpretation. In ""The Three Bears": Four Interpretations" (1977), Professor Emeritus of the University of California, David Alan C. Elms makes such an interpretation and points to the story's emphasis upon orderliness—one of the character traits Freud associated with the anal stage of human development—as compelling evidence.[17] Elms traces the story's anality to Southey and to his dirt-obsessed aunt who passed her obsession on to him in "somewhat milder form".[14]

Adaptations

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The Walt Disney and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios have both made animated movies about the Three Bears—Disney in 1922 and MGM in 1939.[18][19] Coronet Films made a short live action movie in 1958 that had real bears and a real child playing the characters.[20] Faerie Tale Theatre made a television version in 1984. It stars Tatum O'Neal as Goldilocks.

Kurt Schwertsik wrote a 35-minute opera called Roald Dahl's Goldilocks. Baby Bear is accused of assaulting Miss Goldie Locks. The tables are turned when the defense shows that the bears have had a lot of touble because of that "brazen little crook" Goldilocks. The was first presented in 1997 at the Glasgow Royal Concert Hall.[21]

Notes

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  1. ↑ Ober 1981, pp. 318–26
  2. ↑ Tatar 2002, p. 245
  3. ↑ Ober 1981, p. 33
  4. ↑ Ober 1981, p. 34
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Opie 1992, p. 199
  6. ↑ Dorson 2001, p. 94
  7. ↑ Curry 1921, p. 65
  8. ↑ Ober 1981, p. 47
  9. ↑ Opie 1992, p. 200
  10. ↑ Ober 1981, p. xii
  11. ↑ Ober 1981, pp. 109–10
  12. ↑ Tatar 2002, p. 246
  13. ↑ Tatar 2002, p. 251
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Schultz 2005, p. 93
  15. ↑ Bettelheim 1976, pp. 215–24
  16. ↑ Tatar 2002, p. 246
  17. ↑ Elms 1977, pp. 264–69
  18. ↑ Disney
  19. ↑ MGM
  20. ↑ Coronet
  21. ↑ Roald Dahl's Goldilocks

References

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  • Booker, Christopher (2005). "The Rule of Three". The Seven Basic Plots: Why We Tell Stories. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-5209-4.
  • Briggs, Katherine Mary (2002) [1977]. British Folk Tales and Legends. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28602-6.
  • "Coronet: Goldilocks and the Three Bears". Internet Archive. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  • Curry, Charles Madison (1921). Children's Literature. Rand McNally & Company. ISBN 9781344646789.
  • "Disney: Goldilocks and the Three Bears". The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts. Archived from the original on 2009-02-23. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
  • Dorson, Richard Mercer (2001) [1968]. The British Folklorists. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-415-20426-7.
  • Elms, Alan C. (July–September 1977). ""The Three Bears": Four Interpretations". The Journal of American Folklore. 90 (357): 257–273. doi:10.2307/539519. JSTOR 539519.
  • "MGM: Goldilocks and the Three Bears". Archived from the original on 2013-01-17. Retrieved 2010-11-12.
  • Ober, Warren U. (1981). The Story of the Three Bears. Scholars Facsimiles & Reprints. ISBN 0-8201-1362-X.
  • Opie, Iona; Opie, Peter (1992) [1974]. The Classic Fairy Tales. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-211559-6.
  • "Roald Dahl's Goldilocks (1997)". Retrieved 2009-01-03.
  • Schultz, William Todd (2005). Handbook of Psychobiography. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-516827-5.
  • Seal, Graham (2001). Encyclopedia of Folk Heroes. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-216-9.
  • Tatar, Maria (2002). The Annotated Classic Fairy Tales. W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-05163-3.

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