Tribal Hidage
The Tribal Hidage is generally considered to be a tribute list dated to 7th or 8th century Anglo-Saxon England. It was a list of 35 tribes that made up the majority of the peoples living in southern England at that time. Each tribe or kingdom on the list had a rounded off number of hides (units of land measurement). Modern historians believe it was created by either Mercian or Northumbrian overlords to collect tribute from the other groups.
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Origins
changeThe Tribal Hidage is an important historical document.[1] The oldest copies available were written in style of the 11th century. This is at a time when many of the names of the earlier regions had been forgotten. In some cases the list is the only evidence that a region or people of that name ever existed.[2] There were probably older versions of the Tribal Hidage and may have dated back to when Penda of Mercia dominated Anglo-Saxon England (642–655).[3]
Historians are mixed when it comes to where the document came from originally. It may have been written by Paulinus for King Edwin of Northumbria.[a][5] It may have been created for the use of Offa of Mercia.[6] Others have not suggested a place or reign, but a particular period of time for when it was probably written—between 670-690.[7] Historians are not certain what the exact reason was for creating the list. Most seem to agree it was probably a tribute list. There are signs that the list was updated over a period of time. So it may have had more than one purpose.[8]
The Hidage list
changeThe text in the original documents is corrupt. Not every name can be clearly read.[2] The names on the list are for tribal groups of peoples and not for districts or regions they lived in.[2] Three different revisions have been identified by historian David Dumville. These are called Recension A, Recension B, and Recension C.[9]
The first part of the list had 20 names. At the end of the first group is a total number of hides of land given as 66, 100. The numbers of hides for each group add up to 66,100 so the number is correct. The second group of 15 names has a total under it listed at 242,700 hides. But this is incorrect. If you add up the hides for each of the names in this group it totals 244,100. These are almost certainly math errors.[b][1]
Primary list
changeOf the first or primary part of the list contained several recognized peoples:
- Mercian lands - 30,000 hides.[10]
- Wrekin dwellers - 7,000 hides[10]
- Lindsey–folk - 7,000 hides[10] (including Hatfield)
- Wrekin-dwellers - 7,000 hides[10] (Staffordshire, Northern Shropshire)
- Western men - 7,000 hides[10] (Worcestershire, Herefordshire)
- South Gyrwas - 600 hides
- North Gyrwas - 600 hides
- Elmet dwellers - 600 hides
- The remaining 13 names had between 300 and 1,200 hides each.[10]
Secondary list
changeThis part of the list seems to have been added:
- Hwicce - 7,000 hides.[10] (Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, and parts of Warwickshire, Herefordshire, Shropshire, and Staffordshire)
- East Angles - 30,000 hides.[10]
- East Saxons - 7,000 hides.[10] (Essex, Hertfordshire, Middlesex)
- Kent men - 15,000 hides.[10]
- South Saxons - 7,000 hides.[10]
- West Saxons - 100,000 hides.[10]
- The remaining nine names had between 300 and 4,000 hides each.[10]
Notes
change- ↑ Paulinus was the only person at Edwin's court who could read or write. If it was written by him, it would only have been for his own use.[4]
- ↑ It is not possible to add written numbers. Arabic numerals are used almost everywhere today but were not in use then.[1] They would have used Roman numeral which are hard to add and subtract correctly. Another problem was that numbers over 10,000 or multiples of 10,000 were rarely used then.[1]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Cyril Hart, 'The Tribal Hidage', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 21 (1971), p. 135
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Frank Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England (Oxford University Press, 1971), p. 295
- ↑ J. Brownbill, 'The Tribal Hidage', The English Historical Review, Vol. 40, No. 160 (Oct., 1925), p. 497
- ↑ N. J. Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100 (Dover, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1993), p. 115
- ↑ N. J. Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100 (Dover, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1993), p. 116
- ↑ Cyril Hart, 'The Tribal Hidage', Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, Vol. 21 (1971), p. 133
- ↑ Wendy Davies; Hayo Vierck:, 'The Contexts of Tribal Hidage: Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns', Frühmittelalterliche Studien, Volume 8 (May 3010) pp. 223–302
- ↑ Peter Featherstone, 'The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia', Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, eds. Michelle P. Brown; Carol A. Farr (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005), p. 23
- ↑ Peter Featherstone, 'The Tribal Hidage and the Ealdormen of Mercia', Mercia: An Anglo-Saxon Kingdom in Europe, eds. Michelle P. Brown; Carol A. Farr (London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005), pp. 23–24
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 N. J. Higham, The Kingdom of Northumbria AD 350–1100 (Dover, NH: Alan Sutton Publishing, 1993), p. 117