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Background (1900 - 1945) change
The Arab League, a regional organisation, finds its roots in two distinctive influences: Arab nationalism (or Arab nationalist movement), and British government support.[1]
Arab Nationalism and Colonialism change
The Arab Nationalism represent both a movement that seek the unity of Arab territories in the Arab wolrd and express a rejection of the Ottoman Empire domination. This domination limited the sovereignty of these countries in the region. However, in the beginning of the twentieth century, the control of the Ottoman Empire was facing the rising power control of colonial powers.[2] Both France and Great Britain, by the Skyes-Picot agreement, enforced their domination over each of their mandates (Syra and Lebanon for France, Iraq and Palestine for Great Britain). This partition prevented the evolution of Arab nationalist movement by dismantling the region and creating tensions between the countries.[1]
In the second half of the 1930s, two groups emerged around the question of Arab unification. The 'maximalists' (Syria, Iraq, Transjordan) saw a link between unity and "nation" as way to erase the legacies of colonialism. In opposition, the 'minimalists' (Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Lebanon) expressed a strong rejection for unification but rather a regional association that will push toward political, cultural, and economic cooperation without impact on their state sovereignty.[2] In reaction, pan-Arab conferences emerged regarding regional issues such as the Palestine situation.
Decolonisation and Unification change
Before Wolrd War II, Great Britain supported regional actions initiated by Syrian, Lebanese and Iraqi leaders. This support appeared to undermine French influence on its own mandate.[3]
In 1943, Nuri al-Said, former Prime Minister of Iraq under the British mandate, called for an union between Syria, Lebanon, Jordan and Palestine. This union called Arab League would be, for Nuri al-Said, a permanent council with members in charge of defense, communication, education, and the protection of minorities in the region. The Arab League appears then as a general agreement motivated by Arab nationalist movement.[3] A need for collective action to solve problems in the region emerged even more.
In Egypt, from July 1943 to February 1944, discussions on a programme for an 'Arab Union' between the prime minister Mostafa el-Nahhas and representatives of Arab countries take place. In July 1944, the Egyptian Prime Minister calls the Arab countries' delegates to join a conference regarding the consolidation of this project. This conference takes place in Alexandria on September 25,1944 with the Preparatory Comittee and discusses the organisation and the question of state sovereignty in the union. However, this discussion is unstable due to the different positions of the countries: Syria is in favor, Lebanon and Yemen calls for a different form of cooperation. Regarding this, Egypt shows a model that conciliate both side by confirming the maintain of state sovereignty. This model is supported by Saudi Arabia and nuanced by Iraq that express the need of a voluntary arbitration between the members. This conference end in October 7, 1944 by the denomination Alexandria Protocol. This protocol declared the agreement for the establishment of the Arab League, in the spirit of Arab nationalism. From February 14 to March 3,1945, a commitee prepared the draft for the Pact of Arab League. In a second session, the commitee revised and approved the draft. By March 22, 1945, the commitee in the General Arab Conference signed the pact, which confirmed the creation of the Arab League.[4]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Bruce Maddy-Weitzman. <italic>The Crystallization of the Arab State System, 1945–1954</italic>. (Contemporary Issues in the Middle East.) Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, with the cooperation of the Moshe Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv University. 1993. Pp. xvi, 253. Cloth $39.94, paper $18.95". The American Historical Review. 1995-02. doi:10.1086/ahr/100.1.198. ISSN 1937-5239.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Barnett, Michael; Solingen, Etel (2001-01-01), Acharya, Amitav; Johnston, Alastair Iain (eds.), "Designed to fail or failure of design? The origins and legacy of the Arab League", Crafting Cooperation (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 180–220, doi:10.1017/cbo9780511491436.006., ISBN 978-0-521-87603-2, retrieved 2023-05-16
{{citation}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 MacDonald, Robert W. (2015-12-08), "CHAPTER 2. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARAB LEAGUE", CHAPTER 2. THE ORGANIZATION OF THE ARAB LEAGUE, Princeton University Press, pp. 33–50, doi:10.1515/9781400875283-004, ISBN 978-1-4008-7528-3, retrieved 2023-05-16
- ↑ Halderman, John W. (1976-07). "The League of Arab States and Regional Disputes. A Study of Middle East Conflicts. By Hussein A. Hassouna. (Dobbs Ferry: Oceana Publications, Inc.; Leiden: A. W. Sijthoff, 1975. Pp. xxi, 512. Index. $25.00.)". American Journal of International Law. 70 (3): 613–614. doi:10.2307/2200176. ISSN 0002-9300.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)