User:Mr. Ibrahem/HPV vaccine
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| Vaccine description | |
|---|---|
| Target disease | Human papillomavirus |
| Type | Protein subunit |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Gardasil, Cervarix, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a615028 |
| Pregnancy category |
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| Routes of administration | Intramuscular injection |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status | |
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are vaccines that prevent infection by certain types of human papillomavirus.[3] It is estimated that the vaccines may prevent 70% of cervical cancer, 80% of anal cancer, 60% of vaginal cancer, 40% of vulvar cancer and possibly some mouth cancer.[4][5][6] They additionally prevent some genital warts, with the quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines that protect against HPV types HPV-6 and HPV-11 providing greater protection.[2]
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends HPV vaccines as part of routine vaccinations in all countries, along with other prevention measures.[2] The vaccines require two or three doses depending on a person's age and immune status.[2] Vaccinating girls around the ages of nine to thirteen is typically recommended.[2] The vaccines provide protection for at least 5 to 10 years.[2] Cervical cancer screening is still required following vaccination.[2] Vaccinating a large portion of the population may also benefit the unvaccinated.[7] In those already infected, the vaccines are not effective.[2]
HPV vaccines are very safe.[2] Pain at the site of injection occurs in about 80% of people.[2] Redness and swelling at the site and fever may also occur.[2] No link to Guillain–Barré syndrome has been found.[2] Available vaccines protect against either two, four, or nine types of HPV.[3] All protect against at least HPV types 16 and 18, which are associated with the greatest risk of cervical cancer.[2]
The first HPV vaccine became available in 2006.[8] As of 2018, 80 countries include it in their routine vaccinations, at least for girls.[3] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about US$47 a dose as of 2014.[10] In the United States, it costs more than US$200.[11] Vaccination may be cost effective in the developing world.[12] As of 2017, Gardasil 9 is the only version available in the United States.[13][14]
References
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Use During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 World Health Organization (May 2017). "Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, May 2017". Weekly Epidemiological Record. 92 (19): 241–68. hdl:10665/255354. PMID 2853036.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Mutsaerts, Eleanor A. M. L.; Madhi, Shabir A. (2022). "11.3. Immunisation and vaccination". In Detels, Roger; Karim, Quarraisha Abdool; Baum, Fran (eds.). Oxford Textbook of Global Public Health (7th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 591. ISBN 978-0-19-881680-5. Archived from the original on 20 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
- ↑ De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, et al. (April 2009). "Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis". International Journal of Cancer. 124 (7): 1626–36. doi:10.1002/ijc.24116. PMID 19115209.
- ↑ Takes RP, Wierzbicka M, D'Souza G, et al. (December 2015). "HPV vaccination to prevent oropharyngeal carcinoma: What can be learned from anogenital vaccination programs?". Oral Oncology. 51 (12): 1057–60. doi:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2015.10.011. PMID 26520047.
- ↑ Thaxton L, Waxman AG (May 2015). "Cervical cancer prevention: immunization and screening 2015". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 469–77. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.003. PMID 25841595.
- ↑ Saville AM (April 2016). "Cervical cancer prevention in Australia: Planning for the future". Cancer Cytopathology. 124 (4): 235–40. doi:10.1002/cncy.21643. PMID 26619381.
- ↑ Saleh, Amr; Qamar, Shahraz; Tekin, Aysun; Singh, Romil; Kashyap, Rahul (July 2021). "Vaccine Development Throughout History". Cureus. 13 (7): e16635. doi:10.7759/cureus.16635. ISSN 2168-8184. PMID 34462676. Archived from the original on 2022-05-21. Retrieved 2022-05-21.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ↑ World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
- ↑ "Vaccine, Hpv". International Drug Price Indicator Guide. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2015.
- ↑ Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 314. ISBN 9781284057560.
- ↑ Fesenfeld M, Hutubessy R, Jit M (August 2013). "Cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus vaccination in low and middle income countries: a systematic review". Vaccine. 31 (37): 3786–804. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.060. PMID 23830973.
- ↑ "What's New with VISs". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 5 April 2019. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.
- ↑ "The HPV Vaccine: Access and Use in the U.S." The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. 9 October 2018. Archived from the original on 15 October 2019. Retrieved 14 October 2019.