Carlsbad Caverns National Park
Carlsbad Caverns National Park is an American national park in the Guadalupe Mountains of southeastern New Mexico. It is in the Delaware Basin. Most people come here to see the show cave Carlsbad Cavern. Visitors to the cave can hike down the natural entrance. They could also take an elevator from the visitor center.
| Carlsbad Caverns National Park | |
|---|---|
IUCN category II (national park) | |
 | |
  Location in state of New Mexico  Location in the United States | |
| Location | Eddy County, New Mexico, United States |
| Nearest city | Carlsbad, New Mexico |
| Coordinates | 32°10′31″N 104°26′38″W / 32.17528°N 104.44389°W |
| Area | 46,766 acres (18,926 ha) 339 acres (137 ha) private[1] |
| Established | May 14, 1930 |
| Visitors | 440,691 (in 2019)[2] |
| Governing body | National Park Service |
| Website | Carlsbad Caverns National Park |
| Type | Natural |
| Criteria | vii, viii |
| Designated | 1995 (19th session) |
| Reference no. | 721 |
| Region | North America |
The park entrance is by US Highway 62/180, roughly 18 miles (29 km) southwest of Carlsbad, New Mexico. The park has two entries on the National Register of Historic Places: The Caverns Historic District and the Rattlesnake Springs Historic District.[3] Roughly two-thirds of the park has been set aside as a wilderness area. This means that there will be no future changes to the habitat.
Carlsbad Cavern has a large limestone chamber, named the Big Room, which is almost 4,000 ft (1,220 m) long, 625 ft (191 m) wide, and 255 ft (78 m) high at its highest point.[4]
History
change
In 1898, a teenager named Jim White went into the cavern with a homemade wire ladder. He named many of the rooms.
Until 1932, visitors had to walk down a ramp that took them 750 feet (230 m) below the surface. The walk back up made some of them tired. In 1932, the national park opened a large visitor center building. It had two elevators that would take visitors in and out of the caverns below.[5]
Climate
changeAccording to the Köppen climate classification system, the Carlsbad Caverns Visitor Center has a cool semi-arid climate (BS).
| Climate data for Carlsbad Caverns, New Mexico, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1935–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 81 (27) |
86 (30) |
90 (32) |
96 (36) |
106 (41) |
110 (43) |
106 (41) |
105 (41) |
100 (38) |
97 (36) |
87 (31) |
82 (28) |
110 (43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 72.8 (22.7) |
76.6 (24.8) |
83.3 (28.5) |
88.8 (31.6) |
96.7 (35.9) |
102.3 (39.1) |
100.8 (38.2) |
98.2 (36.8) |
93.8 (34.3) |
88.8 (31.6) |
79.9 (26.6) |
72.9 (22.7) |
104.1 (40.1) |
| Average high °F (°C) | 56.0 (13.3) |
60.9 (16.1) |
67.9 (19.9) |
75.7 (24.3) |
84.1 (28.9) |
92.4 (33.6) |
91.2 (32.9) |
90.3 (32.4) |
83.2 (28.4) |
75.4 (24.1) |
64.6 (18.1) |
56.6 (13.7) |
74.9 (23.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 44.9 (7.2) |
48.8 (9.3) |
55.2 (12.9) |
62.5 (16.9) |
71.2 (21.8) |
79.1 (26.2) |
79.5 (26.4) |
78.3 (25.7) |
71.8 (22.1) |
63.8 (17.7) |
53.2 (11.8) |
45.9 (7.7) |
62.8 (17.1) |
| Average low °F (°C) | 33.7 (0.9) |
36.8 (2.7) |
42.6 (5.9) |
49.3 (9.6) |
58.3 (14.6) |
65.7 (18.7) |
67.8 (19.9) |
66.3 (19.1) |
60.4 (15.8) |
52.1 (11.2) |
41.9 (5.5) |
35.1 (1.7) |
50.8 (10.4) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 17.7 (−7.9) |
20.7 (−6.3) |
26.2 (−3.2) |
33.6 (0.9) |
43.8 (6.6) |
56.9 (13.8) |
60.3 (15.7) |
59.8 (15.4) |
49.7 (9.8) |
34.8 (1.6) |
25.5 (−3.6) |
19.6 (−6.9) |
13.7 (−10.2) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −4 (−20) |
−4 (−20) |
10 (−12) |
21 (−6) |
31 (−1) |
41 (5) |
42 (6) |
47 (8) |
33 (1) |
15 (−9) |
8 (−13) |
2 (−17) |
−4 (−20) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 0.32 (8.1) |
0.44 (11) |
0.57 (14) |
0.50 (13) |
1.25 (32) |
1.16 (29) |
2.23 (57) |
2.00 (51) |
2.93 (74) |
1.16 (29) |
0.68 (17) |
0.55 (14) |
13.79 (350) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 0.4 (1.0) |
0.9 (2.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
2.0 (5.1) |
3.5 (8.9) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 3.7 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 4.8 | 5.6 | 6.4 | 6.2 | 5.1 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 49.7 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
| Source 1: NOAA[6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Weather Service[7] | |||||||||||||
Bats
change
Seventeen species of bats live in the park. Many of the bats in the cave are Mexican free-tailed bats.[8] People say that the number of Mexican free-tailed bats used to be several million, but has gone down a lot in modern times. The cause is unknown, but organochlorine pesticides (specifically DDT and dieldrin) are likely part of the reason.[9] A 2009 study by a team from Boston University says that there may have never been millions of bats in the caves.[10]
Scientists have tried to count the bats in many different ways. Using thermal imaging cameras to track the bats worked the best.[11]
The Mexican free-tailed bats are there from April or May to late October or early November.[12] They fly out of the cave in a dense group, corkscrewing upwards. They usually start flying out around sunset. The event usually lasts about three hours.[13] Every evening from Memorial Day weekend to mid October, a ranger talks about the bats while visitors sitting in the amphitheater wait to watch them fly out.[12]
References
change- ↑ "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2011" (XLSX). Land Resource Division, National Park Service. Retrieved March 6, 2012. (National Park Service Acreage Reports)
- ↑ "Annual Visitation Report by Years: 2009 to 2019". nps.gov. National Park Service. Retrieved August 16, 2020.
- ↑ "History & Culture". National Park Service.
- ↑ "The Largest Underground Chambers by Surface Area". Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved June 25, 2020.
- ↑ "Elevators Whisk Tourist to Bottom of 750-Foot Cave" Popular Science, May 1932, drawings of visitor center and elevators
- ↑ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access – Station: Carlsbad Caverns, NM". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ↑ "NOAA Online Weather Data – NWS Midland". National Weather Service. Retrieved May 1, 2023.
- ↑ "Carlsbad Caverns National Park: Bats". National Park Service. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ↑ "Why Are We Losing Our Mexican Free-tailed Bats?". Bat Conservation International. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
- ↑ Susan Millius. "Carlsbad's 8 million 'lost' bats likely never existed" (PDF). Science News. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ↑ "Carlsbad Caverns National Park: Bat Research: How many bats and other common questions" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved January 26, 2009.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 "Carlsbad Caverns National Park - Bat Flight Program". National Park Service. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
- ↑ "Carlsbad Caverns National Park – Brazilian Free-Tail Bat Outflight". National Park Service. Retrieved October 3, 2009.