Choking agent
A choking agent, also called a pulmonary agent, is a type of chemical weapon. Choking agents make fluid build up in the lungs, and can cause suffocation.
The most common examples of choking agents are chlorine and phosgene. There are others, but they are not often used.
Phosgene
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Phosgene is the most dangerous choking agent that is commonly used.[1]
Phosgene can be a liquid or a gas. As a gas, it is heavier than air, so it can stay near the ground (where people can breathe it in for long periods of time. It smells like freshly cut grass or moldy hay.[2]
Along with being a choking agent, phosgene is also a blood agent. This means it keeps oxygen from getting into the body's cells. Without oxygen, a person's cells will die, and the person will suffocate.[1]
Phosgene usually does not cause its worst effects right away. The worst symptoms do not happen until 12 hours after a person breathed in phosgene. The person usually dies within 24 to 48 hours.[2][1]
Chlorine
changeChlorine is naturally a gas, but it can be made into a liquid or a solid. Chlorine is used to make many different things, like plastics, and is used to clean swimming pools.[3]
Chlorine gas is very dangerous if it is inhaled. Chlorine can react with water in the lungs to make hydrochloric acid. This is a very strong acid which can burn the lungs so badly that a person dies.[4]
Signs and symptoms
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The signs and symptoms of exposure to a choking agent depend on how the chemical got into a person's body.
If a choking agent gets into a person's eyes or on their skin, it usually causes very bad burns.[4]
If a choking agent is inhaled, it usually causes:[4]
If a person got a high enough dose of a choking agent, they will eventually suffocate.[3]
Use in World War I
changePhosgene and chlorine gas were both used as weapons during World War I. Chlorine was used first. It was the first chemical weapon that was used during the war to try to kill enemy soldiers.[3] (Before this, countries like France and Germany had used tear gas, which is not meant to kill people.)
Chlorine
changeChlorine was used as a weapon for the first time by the German Army around January 1915, against the British Army. At the time, German Major Karl von Zingler wrote: "[I]t has been said that our Chlorine is very effective. 140 English officers have been killed. This is a horrible weapon ...".[5]
About four months later, the German Army used chlorine gas for the first time against French and Algerian soldiers. These soldiers did not know about this new weapon, and they panicked and tried to run away. However, running makes chlorine's effects worse.[6] In a few minutes, the gas killed more than 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers, and injured more than 4,000 others.[7] One soldier who survived said:
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[I watched] figures running wildly in confusion over the fields. Greenish-gray clouds swept down upon them, turning yellow as they traveled over the country blasting everything they touched and shriveling up the [plants]. . . . Then there staggered into our midst French soldiers, blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony, and behind them in the gas soaked trenches, we learned that they had left hundreds of dead and dying comrades.[7]
In September 1915, the British Army used chlorine gas as a weapon for the first time.[8]
The German Army used chlorine gas as a weapon many more times, against French, Canadian, and Russian soldiers.[9] In one attack on Russian soldiers in Poland, 9,000 Russian soldiers were injured by the gas, and more than 1,000 were killed.[10]
However, soon soldiers learned that the effects of chlorine were not as bad if they stayed still, got as high off the ground as possible, and used a damp cloth to cover their mouths and faces. Because chlorine gas is green, soldiers could see the chlorine coming and would have time to protect themselves. This made chlorine gas less deadly, and both sides soon switched to using phosgene.[6]
Phosgene
changePhosgene was first used by the German Army to attack the British Army in 1915.[11] After that, phosgene was used often during World War I. Countries on both sides of the war - including Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States - used phosgene to attack enemy soldiers. Often they mixed it with chlorine, with the goal of killing more people.[11]
In World War I, phosgene caused about 85%[1] of the 100,000 deaths caused by poison gas[12] during the war (a total of about 85,000 deaths).
Use after World War I
changeAfter people saw the effects of poison gases during World War I, these gases were not used often after that war.
However, the Imperial Japanese Army used phosgene against China many times during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).[13]
In 2007, Iraqi insurgents used chlorine bombs to attack soldiers and civilians. Over 350 people got sick from the first attack.[14] In two other attacks, more than 30 people died in each attack.[15]
Related pages
changeReferences
change- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Maynard, Robert L. (2007). "Phosgene". In Timothy T. Marrs; Robert L. Maynard; Frederick Sidell (eds.). Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicology and Treatment (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 477. ISBN 978-0470013595.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Facts about Phosgene". emergency.cdc.gov. United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 12, 2013. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Romano, James A.; Lukey, Brian J.; Salem, Harry (2007). Chemical warfare agents: chemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and therapeutics (2nd ed.). CRC Press. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-4200-4661-8.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 O’Malley, Gerald F. (December 11, 2015). "Chlorine Toxicity". Medscape. WebMD LLC. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ↑ Aksulu, N. Melek (May 2006). "Die Feldpostbriefe Karl v. Zinglers aus dem Ersten Weltkrieg" (PDF). Nobilitas, Zeitschrift für deutsche Adelsforschung Folge. IX (41): 57. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-05. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
Rousselare 2 Januar 15 ... Auf anderen Kriegsschauplätzen ist es ja auch nicht besser und die Wirkung von unserem Chlor soll ja sehr gut sein. Es sollen 140 englische Offiziere erledigt worden sein. Es ist doch eine furchtbare Waffe ...
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Edmonds, James Edward; Wynne, Graeme Chamley (1927). Military Operations: France and Belgium, 1915, Volume 1. Macmillan & Co., Ltd. p. 217.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Fitzgerald GJ 2008 (2008). "Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I". American Journal of Public Health. 98 (4). American Public Health Association: 611–625. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930. PMC 2376985. PMID 18356568.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Heller CE 1984. "Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917–1918". United States Army Command and General Staff College.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Tucker, Jonathan B. (2006). War of Nerves: Chemical Warfare from World War I to Al-Queda. Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-375-42229-3.
- ↑ Kojevnikov, A. (June 2002). "The Great War, the Russian Civil War, and the Invention of Big Science" (PDF). Science in Context. 15 (2): 239–275. doi:10.1017/S0269889702000443. PMID 12467271. S2CID 23740816. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-06-13. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Haber, L.F. (March 20, 1986). The Poisonous Cloud: Chemical Warfare in the First World War. Clarendon Press. p. 51, 177. ISBN 978-0198581420.
- ↑ "Chemical Weapons". United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. United Nations. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
- ↑ Fitzgerald, GJ 2008 (2008). "Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I". American Journal of Public Health. 98 (4). American Public Health Association: 611–625. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930. PMC 2376985. PMID 18356568. S2CID 2376985.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ↑ Mahdi, Basim (March 17, 2007). "Iraq gas attack makes hundreds ill". CNN. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ↑ "'Chlorine bomb' hits Iraq village". BBC News. May 17, 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2016.