Direct-to-video
A movie that is released direct-to-video (also known as made-for-video, straight-to-video, more recently, straight-to-DVD) is one which has been released to the public on home video formats (historically VHS) before or without being released in movie theaters or broadcast on television. The term is also at times used as an insulting term for sequels of movies that are not expected to have financial success.
Reasons for releasing direct-to-video
changeDirect-to-video releases can occur for several reasons. Often a production studio will develop a TV show or movie which is not generally released for several possible reasons: poor quality, lack of support from a TV network, controversial nature, or a simple lack of general public interest. Studios, limited in the annual number of movies they grant cinematic releases to, may choose to pull the completed movie from the theaters, or never exhibit it in theaters at all. Studios then recover some of their losses through video sales and rentals.[1]
In the case of a TV show, low ratings may cause a studio to cancel the show, possibly after having filmed an entire season and aired some episodes. If the show has a considerable fanbase, the studio may release unaired episodes on video to recover losses. Clerks: The Animated Series and Firefly are examples of cancelled shows which were successful cult hits on DVD.[source?] Occasionally outstanding DVD sales may revive a cancelled show, as in the case of Family Guy.Originally cancelled in 2004,the series was revived in 2005 due partly to its excellent DVD sales.[2]
Direct-to-video releases have historically carried a stigma of lower technical or artistic quality.[3] Some studio movies released direct-to-video are movies which have been completed but were never released. This delay often occurs when a studio doubts a movie's commercial prospects would justify a full cinema release, or because its "release window" has closed. A release window refers to a timely trend or personality, and missing that window of opportunity means a movie, possibly rushed into production, failed to release before the trend faded. In movie industry slang such movies are referred to as having been "vaulted."[4]
There is a positive side to direct-to-video releases. They have become something of a lifeline for independent filmmakers and smaller companies.[5]
Direct-to-video releases can be done for movies which cannot be shown theatrically due to controversial content, or because the cost involved in a theatrical release is beyond the releasing company.[6] Almost all pornographic movies are released direct-to-video.
Animated sequels and movie-length episodes of animated series are also often released in this fashion.[6] The Walt Disney Company began making sequels of most of its animated movies for video release beginning with The Return of Jafar (the sequel to Aladdin) in 1994. Universal Studios also began their long line of The Land Before Time sequels that same year. In 2005, Fox released Stewie Griffin: The Untold Story for DVD and Universal Media Disc.
Direct-to-video movies screened theatrically
changeOnce in a while, a studio that makes a movie that was prepared as a direct-to-video movie releases it theatrically at the last minute due to the success of another movie with a similar subject matter or an ultimate studio decision. Doug's 1st Movie is an example of this, quickly changed from a DTV to a theatrical release due to the surprise success of The Rugrats Movie.
Television spin-offs
changeTelevision spin-offs are animated or live action television series or made for TV movies which contain either characters or theme elements from an older series or movie (Clerks: The Animated Series, Bill and Ted's Excellent Adventures). While the most common examples of a television spin off are animated series there are also live action examples (Robocop: Prime Directive)
Some SpongeBob SquarePants DVD volumes contain episodes not yet aired in the United States. Certain special episodes of Pokémon were released directly on video such as Pikachu’s Winter Vacation. Some Disney Channel shows, such as That's So Raven, The Suite Life of Zack and Cody, Phil of the Future, and Lilo & Stitch: The Series have also had direct-to-video episodes.
Direct-to-DVD market
changeAs the DVD format replaced the videocassette, companies have released movies in DVD format rather than VHS, causing the term "direct-to-DVD" to replace "direct-to-video" in some instances.[7] However, the word "video" does not necessarily refer to VHS cassettes. The new term used is DVDP ("DVD Premiere").[8] Such movies can cost as much as $20 million[9] (about a third of the average cost of a Hollywood release[10]) and feature actors like John Travolta and Steven Seagal.[9] Salaries for such actors range from $2 to $4 million (Van Damme) to $4.5 to $10 million (Seagal).[9] According to Variety, American Pie: Band Camp sold a million copies in one week, despite retaining only two actors from the original trilogy.[11]
DVD Premieres have become a substantial source of revenue for movie studios. Studios realized that DVDP movies can be shot on a smaller budget, allowing studios larger profits with the combined revenues of home video sales and rentals, in addition to licensing movies for television and for distribution abroad (where some DVDP movies do see theatrical releases).
Distributing DVDPs is not only for larger Hollywood studios. Several companies, such as The Asylum, MTI Home Video, and York Entertainment distribute DVDPs almost exclusively. The budgets for movies distributed by these companies are smaller than those of ones distributed by a larger studio, but these companies are still able to profit off their sales.
Japan
changeIn Japan, the direct-to-video movement carries different connotations, being a niche product rather than a fallback medium. Despite having lower budgets than features intended for theater release, Japanese direct-to-video productions are rarely marred by the poor storyline and lower quality production often associated with the DTV market in the US. So-called V-Cinema has more respect from the public, and affection from movie directors for the greater creative freedoms the medium allows. DTV releases are subject to fewer restrictions.
In the case of anime, this is called Original Video Animation (OVA or OAV), and their production values usually fall between those of television series and movies. They are often used to tell stories too short to fill a full TV season, and were common in the early 1990s. Sometimes OVAs get enough interest to justify commissioning a full television series, like Tenchi Muyo!, One Piece, and El Hazard.
With the advent of the 13-episode season format, OVAs are less common now. The majority of OVAs released are usually continuations or reworkings of recently completed TV series. For instance, the DVD release of a TV series might include a bonus episode that was never broadcast, as a sales hook.
References
change- ↑ Barlow, Aaron (2005). The DVD Revolution: Movies, Culture, and Technology. Praeger/Greenwood. p. 19. ISBN 0-275-983-870.
Movies that flop in theaters or which are never theatrically released can prove profitable through longer-term video and DVD sales.
- ↑ Levin, Gary (Mar 24, 2004). "'Family Guy' un-canceled, thanks to DVD sales success". USA Today. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ↑ Goodale, Gloria (Oct 23, 1998), "'Straight to Video' Picks up Steam", The Christian Science Monitor
- ↑ Bernstein, Adam (2004-12-12). "Silent Films Speak Loudly for Hughes". The Washington Post. pp. TVWeek, Y06.
- ↑ Lerman, Laurence (Sep 17, 2001), "Independents' 'Bread and Butter'", Video Business, 21 (38): Section: Video Premieres
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "More Films Jump Straight to DVD", USA Today, pp. Section: Life pg. 03d, Aug 6, 2003
- ↑ Berardinelli, James. "DVD's Scarlet Letter". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ↑ For one example of many uses of the term, see "Paramount grows DVDP slate". Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 DVD Exclusive Online. "Stars, Money Migrate To DVDP (archived)". Archived from the original on 2006-05-15. Retrieved 2007-01-13.
- ↑ Carl DiOrio (2004-03-23). "Average cost of a movie: $102.9 million". Video Business Online. Retrieved 2007-01-21. The figure cited in the title includes marketing costs; as of 2004 when the article was written, the average production cost was $63.8 million.
- ↑ "Spending on DVDs up 10%". Variety. Retrieved 2007-01-13.