Dutch resistance
The Dutch resistance was a movement of Dutch people who fought against the German occupation of the Netherlands during World War II. They fought the Nazis in many different ways, mostly without using violence. The resistance helped to hide 300,000 people in the autumn of 1944.[1]
Dutch resistance developed slowly. In 1941, Dutch people organized a strike, called the February strike, to protest against the Nazis deporting over 400 Jews. This encouraged the resistance. The Dutch communists set up a system of cells (small groups of resistance members). Some other very amateur groups also formed, like De Geuzen, set up by Bernard IJzerdraat. Some military groups started, such as the Ordedienst ('order service'). Most groups were discovered by the Nazis during the first two years of the war.
Dutch resistance groups gathered counterintelligence (information about the Nazis), committed sabotage, and formed communications networks. This helped the Allied forces, beginning in 1944 and continuing until the Netherlands was liberated. About 75% (105,000 out of 140,000) of Dutch Jews were killed in the Holocaust, most of them murdered in Nazi death camps.[2] A number of resistance groups specialized in saving Jewish children.[3] Somewhere between 215 and 500 Dutch Romanis were also killed by the Nazis.[4]
Definition change
Besides armed resistance, other forms of resistance to the Nazi German occupation were carried out by the Dutch. These were important options for those who opposed the Nazis but chose not to use weapons. Nonviolent resistance included spying, going into hiding and aiding fugitives, not following Nazi rules, attending public protests, publishing illegal papers,[1] and sabotage (destroying) companies aiding the war effort. Thousands were arrested by the Nazis and jailed for months, tortured, sent to concentration camps, or killed.
The Dutch February Strike of 1941, protesting the deportation of Jews from the Netherlands, was the only such strike in Nazi-occupied Europe.
After the war, the Netherlands created and awarded a medal for bravery called the Resistance Cross. Of the 95 people who received it, 93 had been killed.
Prelude change
Before the Germans invaded, the Netherlands were neutral. The Dutch had not fought in a war with any European nation since 1830.[5] During World War I, the Netherlands were not invaded by Germany. The German ex-Kaiser even fled to the Netherlands in 1918. Because of this, the German invasion in World War II was a great shock.[6] The Netherlands ordered its army to get ready in September 1939. Even though Netherlands was still neutral, and had not gotten involved with any side during World War II, the country's large merchant fleet was attacked by the Germans after the beginning of World War II. The Nazis sank the Dutch passenger ship SS Simon Bolivar in November 1939, killing 84 people. This shocked the Netherlands.[7] This was not the only Dutch ship that was destroyed.
German invasion change
On 10 May 1940, German troops started to attack the Netherlands. The Germans invaded with about 750,000 men. This was three times the size of the Dutch army. The Germans invaded with 1,100 planes (the Dutch army had 125) and six armoured trains. They destroyed 80% of the Dutch military aircraft by bombing, although the Germans did lose over 500 planes in the attack.
The Nazis tried the first large-scale paratroop attack in history, which failed. The Dutch retook control of the three airfields the Germans had captured.[1] The Dutch army owned only one tank(a Renault ft-17 but didn’t use it.[1]
Major areas of military resistance were in:
- The Grebbelinie near Amsterdam
- Kornwerderzand, which had fortified bunkers
- Rotterdam, the bridges defended by Dutch Marines
After four days, the Germans had invaded 70% of the country. Adolf Hitler ordered Rotterdam to be destroyed. Nazi bombing left about 85,000 Dutch civilians homeless. The Dutch surrendered.[8]
About 2,000 Dutch soldiers died fighting the Nazi invasion. So did at least 800 civilians, who died in Rotterdam.
Initial German policy change
The Nazis' goal was to make the Dutch into Nazis. The country's wide-open areas made it difficult to hide illegal activities - unlike, for example, the Maquis in France, who had many hiding places.
The first German round-up of Jews in February 1941 led to the first general strike against the Germans.
Dutch social democrats, Catholics, and communists started the resistance movement.[9] At first, if the Germans discovered people were involved in the resistance, they put them in jail. However, if a person was a member of an armed or military group, the Nazis could send them to concentration camps. After mid-1944, Hitler ordered his soldiers to shoot all resistance members. The Nazis also did revenge attacks against civilians, where they killed innocent civilians after resistance activities happened.
The Nazis deported the Dutch Jews to concentration and extermination camps. They started building fortifications along the coast and constructed 30 airfields. They forced adult males between 18 and 45 to work in German factories or on public work projects. In 1944, most trains were sent to Germany and 550,000 Dutch people were sent to Germany as laborers. Resistance became better organized and more forceful.[10] The resistance killed high-ranking Dutch officials, such as General Seyffardt.
In the Netherlands, the Germans managed to kill many Jews.[11]
Activities change
On 25 February 1941, the Communist Party of the Netherlands called for a general strike, the 'February Strike'. German troops reacted by firing on unarmed crowds, and taking many prisoners. However, the strike was important because resistance against the Nazi occupation got stronger afterward.
Dutch resistance was usually secret. Resistance in the Netherlands included sabotage (like cutting phone lines, distributing anti-German leaflets, or tearing down posters). Some small groups collected intelligence and published underground papers such as De Waarheid, Trouw, Vrij Nederland, and Het Parool. They also sabotaged phone lines.
Another important resistance activity was hiding Jewish families like Anne Frank's, resistance fighters, men and Allied aircrew. The resistance hid over 300,000 people from the Nazis.
Related pages change
- Corrie ten Boom, Christian resistance organiser
- Anti-fascism
References change
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Dr L. de Jong: Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
- ↑ Stone, Dan (2010). Histories of the Holocaust. Oxford University Press. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-19-956680-8.
- ↑ Klempner, Mark (2006). The Heart Has Reasons. U.S.: The Pilgrim Press. p. 235. ISBN 0-8298-1699-2.
- ↑ Niewyk, Donald L. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-231-11200-9 page 422.
- ↑ See Ten Days' Campaign
- ↑ "A Forgotten Chapter" Archived 2005-03-29 at the Wayback Machine, Holland Under the Third Reich, lecture by Anthony Anderson at the University of Southern California on October 17, 1995. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
- ↑ Duncan, George. "Maritime Disasters of World War II". Retrieved 15 May 2011.
- ↑ The Netherlands and the beginning of World War II from Marketgarden.com. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
- ↑ "The Dutch Resistance and the OSS — Central Intelligence Agency". Archived from the original on 2013-10-29. Retrieved 2013-11-21.
- ↑ Resistance from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands Archived 2009-02-08 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
- ↑ Genocide from Holocaust and Resistance in World War II Netherlands Archived 2010-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 11 April 2008
More reading change
- Bentley, Stewart. The Dutch Resistance and the OSS (2012)
- Bentley, Stewart. Orange Blood, Silver Wings: The Untold Story of the Dutch Resistance During Market-Garden (2007)
- Fiske, Mel, and Christina Radich. Our Mother's War: A Biography of a Child of the Dutch Resistance (2007)
- van der Horst, Liesbeth. The Dutch Resistance Museum (2000)
- Schaepman, Antoinette. Clouds: Episode of Dutch Wartime Resistance, 1940-45 (1982)
- Sellin, Thorsten, ed. "The Netherlands during German Occupation," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science Vol. 245, May, 1946 pp i to 180 in JSTOR
- Warmbrunn, Werner. The Dutch under German occupation, 1940–1945 (Stanford University Press, 1963)
- Dewulf, Jeroen. Spirit of Resistance: Dutch Clandestine Literature under the Nazi Occuaption (Rocher NY: Camden House, 2010)
Other websites change
- CIA paper on the Dutch resistance and the OSS Archived 2013-10-29 at the Wayback Machine
- Homepage of the Dutch Resistance Museum in Amsterdam Archived 2013-11-19 at the Wayback Machine
- Dutch Resistance Museum – history and practical information.
- Discussion of the Netherlands under Nazi occupation Archived 2006-02-03 at the Wayback Machine
- On war atrocities in Holland, some in revenge for resistance activities
- "A true story of a Scout in times of War, by Piet J Kroonenberg"
- Jan de Hartog's speech given at Weber State College Archived 2012-02-12 at the Wayback Machine – his personal account of his participation in non-violent Dutch Resistance as an author.