Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz

Hussein bin Ali Al-Hashimi, was the Sharif of Mecca and the one who, following the Hussein McMahon correspondace, incited the Arab revolt against the Ottoman Empire in World War l. By calling themselves Hashemites, his family claims to descend from the Prophet Banu Hashim. This lineage, along with the fact that Sharif Hussein has been the official protector of the holy sites of Mecca and Medina since 1908, legitimized him for many Arab Muslims as the natural leader of the Arabs.

Having been under Ottoman rule for a long time and serving as officials of the Ottoman government, Sharif Hussein and his sons did not participate in the Arab nationalist movement and political opposition that had emerged in Damascus, Beirut and Cairo around 1912 before the First World War. However, their position changed when the Ottoman Sultan Abdülhamit II and the CUP government began to centralize their power, narrowing down on Hussein with the Hijaz railway from Damascus to Medina, thereby threatening the autonomous power of Sharif Hussein in 1908. When war broke out, Hussein saw an opportunity to expand his influence and oppose Ottoman rule. Sharif Hussein became the leader of the Arab revolt and in the subsequent Hussein-McMahon correspondence, it was he who negotiated with the British for an independent Arab state in exchange for the Arab revolt against the Ottomans.^[1]

References

↑ Anderson, Betty S. (2016). A history of the modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 189–191. ISBN 978-0-8047-8324-8. OCLC 934278220.

Regnal titles
al-Ḥusayn ibn ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd al-Mu‘īn ibn ‘Awn House of Hashim Dhawu Awn, branch of Banu Qatadah Born: 1854 Died: 4 June 1931
New creation Arab revolt	King of the Arab Lands October 1916 – 3 October 1924 Recognized by the Allies only as King of Hejaz	Succeeded by Ali ibn al-Husayn as King of Hejaz
Preceded by Himself as Ottoman emir	Sharif and Emir of Mecca June 1916 – 3 October 1924	Succeeded by Ali ibn al-Husayn
Political offices
Preceded by Abd al-Ilah Pasha	Sharif and Emir of Mecca November 1908 – June 1916 Ottoman-appointed	Succeeded by Himself as independent emir
Preceded by Abd al-Ilah Pasha		Succeeded by Ali Haydar Pasha
Sunni Islam titles
Preceded by Abdülmecid II	— TITULAR — Caliph of the Muslims 11 March 1924 – 3 October 1924 Reason for succession failure: Not widely recognized	Vacant

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[1] Anderson, Betty S. (2016). A history of the modern Middle East : Rulers, Rebels, and Rogues. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 189–191. ISBN 978-0-8047-8324-8. OCLC 934278220.

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