Insanity defense
In criminal trials, the insanity defense is the lawyer saying that the defendant is not responsible for his or her crimes because of a mental illness. People who have been found to be insane have been let out of full criminal punishment since the Code of Hammurabi.[1] There are different definitions of legal insanity in different places.[2] An insane defendant is usually put in a mental health facility instead of a prison.[2]
M’Naghten
changeIn the 1840s, a Scottish man named Daniel M’Naghten shot and killed Sir Robert Peel’s secretary Edward Drummond and was found not guilty by reason of Insanity. The court said that a criminal is “not guilty by the grounds of insanity” if the person has a mental illness that makes it impossible to know what he did or that makes it impossible for him to know that what he did was bad. This is called the M’Naghten rule.[3] The M’Naughten rule is used in a lot of countries with Common law.
Temporary Insanity
changeWhen the defendant is not insane now but was insane when he committed his crimes, it’s called temporary insanity. The first to use this defense was Daniel Sickles when he killed his wife's lover Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key) in 1859.[4]
Application
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In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, use of the insanity defense is rare.[5] However, insanity pleas have steadily increased in the UK.[6] Mitigating factors, including things not eligible for the insanity defense like intoxication[7] (or, more frequently, diminished capacity), may lead to reduced charges or reduced sentences.
The question of who bears the burden of proof is an issue in the United States.[8] Before the John Hinckley, Jr. trial the burden of proof rested with the government in most states.[8] Afterwards many of these states required the defense to prove the defendant was legally insane.[8] Where the state still bears the burden of proof, the standard for the prosecution is beyond a reasonable doubt.[8] Where the defense bears the burden, the standard is preponderance of the evidence (a lower standard).
Expert testimony
changeThe insanity defense is based on evaluations by forensic mental health professionals with the appropriate test according to the jurisdiction. Their testimony guides the jury (or judge in a bench trial). But they may not testify to the defendant's criminal responsibility. This is for the jury or judge to decide. Mental health experts may testify as to whether at the time of the crime the defendant understood what he did was wrong.[9] If the defendant were acting under a delusion at the time and could still determine right from wrong, he is not insane and may be punished.[9]
References
change- ↑ Fletcher, G. (1998) Basic Concepts of Criminal Law. NY: Oxford Univ. Press.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Philip Cowen; Paul Harrison; Tom Burns, Shorter Oxford Textbook of Psychiatry (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), p. 723
- ↑ M'Naghten's case [1843] UKHL J16, 19 June 1843, retrieved 2024-09-12
- ↑ "Daniel E. Sickles, Major General, October 20, 1819 - May 3, 1914". Civil War Trust. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ↑ Schmalleger, Frank (2001). Criminal Justice: A Brief Introduction. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-088729-3.
- ↑ RD Mackay, BJ Mitchell, L Howe (2006) 'Yet more facts about the insanity defence' Criminal Law Review 399-411
- ↑ American Psychiatric Association: The Insanity Defense: Position Statement. Washington, DC: APA Document Reference No. 820002, 1982
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 "Current Application of the Insanity Defense". FindLaw. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Stephen M. Raffle, M.D. "Insanity, and Insanity as a Defense". Stephen M. Raffle, M.D. & Associates. Retrieved 22 October 2015.