Kafir

A kafir, pronounced as, "kaafir", is someone who does not believe in God according to Islam. It is the most common description used in the Qur'an for non-believers or non-Muslims.^[1]^[2] They are also mentioned especially in the Quran in the Sura (chapter) Kafirun. In the Ottoman Empire, Jews and Christians were required to pay the jizya.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

References

↑ Willis, John Ralph, ed. (2018) [1979]. "Glossary". Studies in West African Islamic History, Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 197. ISBN 9781138238534. Kufr: Unbelief; non-Muslim belief (Kāfir = a non-Muslim, one who has received no Dispensation or Book; Kuffār plural of Kāfir).
↑ Glasse, Cyril (1989). The New Encyclopedia of Islam (Revised 2001 ed.). New York: Altamira Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0759101890.
↑ Michael Bonner (2008). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1400827381. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.
↑ Waines (2003) "An Introduction to Islam" Cambridge University Press. p. 53
↑ Winter, T. J., & Williams, J. A. (2002). Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. Quote: The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.
↑ Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. p. 345.
↑ "Islam". Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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[Willis_2018-1] Willis, John Ralph, ed. (2018) [1979]. "Glossary". Studies in West African Islamic History, Volume 1: The Cultivators of Islam (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 197. ISBN 9781138238534. Kufr: Unbelief; non-Muslim belief (Kāfir = a non-Muslim, one who has received no Dispensation or Book; Kuffār plural of Kāfir).

[Glasse-2001-247-2] Glasse, Cyril (1989). The New Encyclopedia of Islam (Revised 2001 ed.). New York: Altamira Press. p. 247. ISBN 978-0759101890.

[Bon08-3] Michael Bonner (2008). Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-1400827381. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.

[Wai03-4] Waines (2003) "An Introduction to Islam" Cambridge University Press. p. 53

[Win02-5] Winter, T. J., & Williams, J. A. (2002). Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. p. 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. Quote: The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.

[Lapid-6] Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. p. 345.

[Britannica-7] "Islam". Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

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